The integral relationships between nutrition and illness and the role of nutrition in determining the outcome of the disease process is clearly illustrated in the critical care units of a hospital. Many benefits can be derived from providing an adequate supply of nutrients during medical and surgical illnesses. It must be remembered that antibiotics cannot replace host defenses; sterile gauzes and sutures cannot heal wounds; the most advanced life support systems cannot revitalize a patient unless and until sufficient nutritional support is provided. In this chapter the nutritional and dietary management of patients with HIV/AIDS will be discussed.