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Definition
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Viruses of the family poxviridae cause infections in humans, animals and birds. These viruses produces generalized disease with pustular lesions or benign tumours of the skin.
Vaccinia
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Vaccinia is the virus used for immunization of humans against small pox. Two types of virus, a dermatotropic and neurotropic starin. Vaccinia is known to be infectious for rabbits, mice, cattle, sheep, pigs, monkeys and humans.
Cow pox
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Cowpox is caused by a virus with an unusually wide host range
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It is closely related to, but different from variola and vaccinia viruses
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The disease is not common, is mild and self limiting.
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Its lesions mainly found only on the teats and udder
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Buffalo pox
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It is contagious diseases of buffaloes which has been reported from India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Egypt, Italy and Russia is caused by a virus of similar to vaccinia virus. Lesions occur mainly on the teats and udders of milking buffaloes.
Camel pox
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Camel pox is a debilitating often fatal poxvirus infection of camels. It occurs in Africa, and south –western Asia including India. Mortality may be high and the lesions are generalized in young camels. A milder, localized form of the disease develops in older camels. Humans are not susceptible
Monkey pox
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Monkey pox is characterized by a generalized cutaneous rash and pocks. These eruptions are most common on the hands, feet, legs and buttocks. It was first identified in Denmark, in 1958. Generalized fatal infections in infant monkeys with necrotizing lesions in many visceral organs. The presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies helps in the diagnosis
Rabbit pox
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The disease may become generalized with necrotizing lesions in visceral organs in addition to cutaneous pock. Skin lesions lack the vesicular character. Inclusion body have not been reported
Mouse pox
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Mouse pox occurs in the Europe and in the United States.Clinical diseases occur in two forms. 1. Rapidly fatal form- Few or no cutaneous lesions 2. Chronic form- Ulceration of the skin, particularly on the feet, tail and snout. Mortality rate is 50-100%. If death does not occur, during the stage of the virus multiplication in the spleen and liver, recovery usually follows.
Sheep pox
Definition
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It is very severe and besides skin pock lesions may be found on the mucous membrane of pharynx, trachea and abomasums
Etiology
Incidence
Transmission
Pathogenesis
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During an initial viremia, the virus deposited in most of the organs including skin.
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Incubation period is 2-14 days.
Clinical signs
Gross lesions
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Malignant form is common in lambs.
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Benign form is more common in adults and is particularly under the tail, perineum, inner aspect of thigh and wool less areas.
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Papules, nodular, vesicular, pustular and finally scab formation
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Skin lesions appear on the unwoolled skin, buccal, respiratory, digestive and urogenital tract mucosa.
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In the mouth, ulcerative lesions on the tongue, gums and cheeks are common.
Microscopic lesions
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Localized acanthosis and hyperplasia followed by vesiculation
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Underlying oedematous dermis and subcutis contain distinctive cells called “ cellules claveleuses” of borrel or “ sheep pox cells”.
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These cells mainly around vessels and between the collagen bundles.
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Most of the cells contain intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
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Severe necrotizing vasculitis
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Pneumonia with sheep pox cells and inclusion bodies in alveolar septal cells is the most important visceral lesion
Diagnosis
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Fluorescent antibody test
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Immunodiffusion techniques
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Sheep pox cells containing inclusion bodies can be demonstrated in the skin
Goat pox
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It is exists in India. The virus is immunologically related to the sheep pox. Longer incubation period and less severe than sheep pox. Young kids suffer a systemic disease with lesions spread over the skin and on the respiratory and alimentary mucosa.
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