Veterinary Andrology and Reproductive Techniques

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

• Artificial Insemination was practiced long before the method of selecting superior males for production traits on the basis of genetic principles were known.

384 - 322 B.C	Aristotle	Human embryo were developed from menstrual blood.
1322 A.D.	Arab Horse Breeders	Inseminated Mares with Stallion’s semen.
1672	Regnier De Graaf	Described the Ovarian follicle
1677	Antoni van Leeuwenhock and Johann Hamm	Demonstrated motile cells in semen and referred it as “Animalcules.”
1784	Lazzaro Spallanzani	Artificial Insemination in amphibians and in a bitch, he also proved that the fertilizing power of semen resided in the spermatozoa carried by spermatic fluid.
1786	John Hunter	Narrated semen as mawkish and unpleasant and in taste at first it is insipid & later pungent and the first discharge is bluish white in colour & creamy in consistency & the subsequent discharge is similar to that of the common mucus of nose and less viscid
1799	John Hunter	Artificial Insemination in Human beings.
1890	Repiquet	Artificial Insemination in Horses and advised it as a means of overcoming sterility.
1890	Sand and Stribolt	Obtained 4 successful conceptions after Artificial Insemination in 8 mares.
1909	Ivanovich Ivanoff (Russian)	First man who successfully did A.I in cattle, sheep and birds
1914	Professor Amantea (Human Physiologist)	Designed artificial vagina for dogs and cattle
1933	Walton	Described the handling of semen.
1934	Miller and Evans	Tried ampullary massage technique in bulls.
1935	Gunn	Devised electroejaculator for rams.
1936	Edward Sorensen and Jens Gylling Holm	Formed the first co-operative artificial breeding association in Denmark.
1938	E.J.Perry	Formed the first co-operative artificial breeding association at New Jersey in U.S.A.
1938	Milovanov	Devised artificial vagina for bull, stallion and ram and extenders for diluting the semen.
1938	Laplaud, Thiabault and Cassou	Devised electroejaculator for bulls
1949	Polge, Smith and Parkes	Long time preservation of semen at -79 ° C.
1951	Stewart	Reported the birth of first calf born from frozen semen
1952	Smith and Polge	Introduced glycerol as a cryoprotective agent and freezing of semen at -196 ° C in liquid nitrogen
1954	Waterloo cattle breeding association	First to operate 100% A.I programme using frozen semen
1957	American Breeders Service of Madison, Wisconsin	Practiced the use of long distance transport of semen in dry ice or in liquid nitrogen.
Indian Scenario
1939	J. D. Sampathkumaran	First man who did A.I in cattle at the palace dairy herd of Maharaja of Mysore. Inseminated Hallikar cows with semen collected from Friesian bulls.
1939	P. Bhattacharya	Established A.I centre at IVRI, Izatnagar
1942	Reported the birth of first buffalo calf born through A.I. at Agricultural Institute, Allahabad.
1944	Four regional centres were established throughout India to implement A.I on large scale at Patna, Bangalore, Calcutta and Montgomery (Pakistan).
1948	Dr. Veeramani Iyer first did A.I in Tamil Nadu at Madras Veterinary College, Chennai
1961	Frozen semen technology was first introduced in India at NDRI, Bangalore.

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• During the First five year plan (April, 1951 to March, 1956) a master project the key village scheme was launched, which provides for the all round improvement of cattle and buffaloes in the country
• To bring about rapid genetic improvement in the stock, artificial insemination was accepted as a major activity of the scheme.
• Under the scheme 600 key villages and 150 artificial insemination centres were established during the period 1952 to 1956.
• One centre was attached to group of four villages. Each key village had 500 cows and/or she buffaloes, so that one artificial insemination centre was responsible for 2000 animals.
• Under the second Five-year plan (April, 1956 to March, 1961) the scope of work has been further extended and by 1957, 400 artificial insemination centre’s were operating.
• Besides the artificial insemination centre’s in the key village scheme almost all the states had additional artificial insemination units working in areas outside the key villages units.
• Some private agencies or co-operative organizations dealing with livestock have also adopted artificial insemination for breeding work.
• A semen bank has been established at the National Dairy Research Institute of Bangalore with a view to supplying semen from Jersey bulls for cross-breeding work & also from bulls of superior Indian Dairy breeds for selective breeding or upgrading work. Semen from this bank is being flown to different parts of the country.
• The use of AI is other species have generally lagged behind its use in cattle largely because of the problem of the satisfactory storage of semen.
• According to present status AI is currently used in dairy & beef, cattle, goats, buffalo, sheep, swine, horses, turkeys, bees, dogs, red fox, fish, mink, humans ? & many other species in many countries of the world.

Artificial insemination was first attempted in India in 1939 by Dr. Sampath Kumaran at the palace Dairy farm, Mysore, & some healthy calves were obtained

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