Nutrient
|
Impact of deficiency on the
|
Mother
|
Infant
|
Energy and protein
|
- Abortion
- Complications during delivery
- Ketosis
- May not gain enough weight to have normal lactation
- Pregnancy induced hypertension
|
- Premature infant
- Low birth weight infant
- Less brain cells
|
Linoleic Acid
|
|
|
Calcium
|
- Muscular cramps
- Repeated pregnancy with poor diet can result in osteomalacia
- During lactation breast milk may be deficient in calcium
|
- Calcification of bones and teeth is decreased
- Underweight due to the decreased foetal bone growth.
|
Iron
|
|
- Born with less stores of iron and susceptible to anaemia.
|
Iodine
|
- Goitre
- Increased risk of miscarriage and still birth
|
- Chance of getting goitre
- Cretinism
|
Zinc
|
- Foetal mortality
- Foetal malformations including central nervous system and terato-genecity
|
- Reduced intra uterine growth rate
- Low birth weight
- Preterm baby
|
Vitamin A
|
- Mortality
- Pregnancy induced hypertension
|
- Decreased levels in foetus so more susceptible far Vitamin A deficiency
|
Vitamin D
|
- Decreased calcium absorption
|
- Calcium metabolism of foetus is affected
|
Vitamin K
|
- Decreased prothrombin synthesis
- Increased loss of blood during delivery
|
- Increased risk of neonatal haemorrhage
|
Thiamine, Riboflavin and Niacin
|
|
|
Folic acid
|
- Megaloblastic anaemia
- Abruptio placentae
- Pregnancy induced hypertension
|
- Foetal malformation
- Neural tube defects spinabifida congenital abnormalities like harelip, cleft palate, hydrocephalus
- Low birth weight
|
Vitamin B 12
|
|
|
Vitamin C
|
- Premature rupture of foetal membrane
|
- Increased neonatal death rate
|