Fish Immunology (1+1)

Unit 12 - Stress and immune response

12.1. Introduction
Stress is defined as physical or chemical factors that cause bodily reactions that may contribute to disease and death. Stress is a condition in which an animal is unable to maintain a normal physiologic state because of various factors adversely affecting its well-being. Stress is caused by placing a fish in a situation which is beyond its normal level of tolerance.