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Natural areas in tropical and sub tropical climates are more likely to enhance development of parasitic loads because of the fact that there are variations in climates of these areas in addition to the variations in the type of vegetations and species of wild fauna.
The parasitic diseases have caused serious problems in captive animals and it is to be accepted that some of the diseases bear Zoonotic significance.
Hence, treatment and prevention against parasites gain significance always in the wild animal health and disease management.
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In non – human primates, the following parasites are more commonly encountered, i.e. Strongyles, Strongyloides spp, Trichuris spp, Entamoeba spp and Balantidium spp are zoonotically important ones.
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In carnivores, especially in felids, the parasites are numerous leading to harmful features to different systems in the body and depending on the load and pathogenesis, animals suffer, in general. The common internal parasites in felids are Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma spp, Taenia spp, Dirofilaria immitis, Spirocerca lupi and the common blood protozoa parasites that are often encountered comprise Trypanasoma evansi, Toxoplasma gondii and Hepatozoa spp. Similarly, fleas like Ctenocephalides spp and the ticks are also more common.
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The trematodes like Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola jacksoni have been reported in Asian elephants, where as Protofasciola robusta was reported in African elephants. There are numerous nematode parasites in the elephant like ascarids, oxyurids, strongylids, paraphistomes, ancylostomes, syngamids and filarids. Cestodes like Anoplocephala manubriuta are also reported. The protozoan disease like Trypanosomosis is a serious problem in Asian elephant caused by Trypanasoma evansi. Flea and tick infestations are more common in elephants. Amblyomma tholloni ticks (elephant tick) are found through out the body. Haematomyzus elephantis (elephant louse ) are generally found in the base of the tail and behind the ears.
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Internal parasitres are more common in wild ruminatnts also. The common parasites are Haemonchus spp, Ostertagia spp, Trichostrongylus sp, Oesophagostomum spp, Strongyloides spp, Trichuris spp, Taenia spp, Ascaris spp, Eimeria spp, Fasciola spp, and protozoan diseases like Babesia spp, Theileria spp, Trypanasoma spp etc are more common in wild ruminants.External parasites mange and tick ingestion are also common. Psoroptes spp, Sarcoptes spp and demodex spp are caused mange infestation in wild ruminants.
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In case of reptiles like snakes, tick infestation is more common. The common ticks are Aponomma sp, Amblyomma spp, and Hyalomma spp .Internal parasites like Capillaria spp, Rhabdius spp. Ophidascaris spp, Isospora spp, Eimeria spp, Kalicephalus spp, Polydephis spp are similarly encountered in them.
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