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Roses are the most beautiful flowers tops among the cut flowers grown under protected cover and marketed in the world. Excellent shape and size, bewitching colours and good keeping quality attracts people worldwide.
Types of greenhouse required
Important varieties
First Red Lambada Ambassidor
Noblesse Sasha Papillon
Grand Gala Skyline Polo
Confetti Ravel Lovely
Red Osiana Golden gate Tunike
Cultivation Practices : BED SIZE
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1-1.6 m wide,
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30-40m long and
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15-20cm/ 30-40cm height
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0.5-0.75m between two beds.
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Spacing
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30-40cm between rows,
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14-18cm or 15-20cm /m2 is optbetween plants,
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6-9 plants/m2, However, 7 plantsimum,
Media
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Both soil and soil-less substrates (rockwool, peat, sphagnum moss, vermiculites, perlite, leaf mould, coco peat, rice husk etc.,)
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pH 5.5-6.8
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30-40cm deep well drained, porous, rich in organic content.
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Pasteurize with steam at 70-100oC for 30 minutes or use methyl Bromide @ 25-30g/ M2/ 10ml/cuft for 24-48 hr or Formalin @ 7.5-10.0 l /100 M2 or Basamid (Dazomet) @ 30-40g/ M2
Planting
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6-18 month old budded plants may be planted during May-June.
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The soil should be loose and humid but not too wet nor muddy.
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Per compartment of 6.40 metre 6 rows of plants can be planned.
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The distance between the plants in one row varies around 15-20 cm.
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This results at 7 to 8 plants per metre square (depending on cultivar and cultivation system).
Growth regulation
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Primary bending : Have to be takenup 5-6 weeks after planting to build a strong frame work.
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Secondary bending : 4-5 weeks after first bending to get more number of strong shoots.
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Gradual pruning : Harvesting of flower shoot will take care of this operation.
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Direct pruning
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De-shooting,
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Manuring:
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Depends on variety, type of medium used, growth stage, irrigation system etc.
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Well decomposed FYM have to be incorporated into the bed @ 100 t/ha.
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Nutrient composition of rose plant based on leaf analysis is 3.0 per cent N, 0.2 per cent P, 1.8 per cent K, 1.0 per cent Ca and 0.25 per cent Mg.
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Nutrient requirement @ 1:0.2:1.2:0.3 NPK & Mg
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Fertigation requirement 170ppm N, 34ppm P, 160ppm K, 120ppm Mg per every watering.
Irrgation
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Each plant has to be watered @ one liter/plant/day.
Drip Irrigation
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A drip irrigation system is recommended; as each plant receives the equal amount of water.
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By supplying the water directly on the potting mix, the plant itself does not become wet (so preventing diseases).
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The dripper line of the irrigation system are placed on the ground between the two rows, this prevent the dripper line becoming empty and keep the water temperature low and the dripper line out the reach of direct sunlight.
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A capacity of 2 liters per hour is preferred as the chance of congestion is smaller.
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By using a drip system, a wet (water) column is created through which the roots grow.
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Place the drippers by planting in the jiffy pot, after 2-3 weeks when the roots are growing out of the jiffy pot into the potting soil replace them approximately 1 - 5 cm from the jiffy pot.
CROP MAINTENANCE AFTER PLANTING:
Bending in roses
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After planting, shoots will develop quickly.
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Only after the flower bud becomes clearly visible the shoots are bend-out towards the path and the flowers are removed, this process is known as ‘bending’.
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Since the plants grow about 40 cm above the ground, it is possible to bend down the stems deeply.
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Be careful not to break the shoots, the plant should remain capable of transporting sugars from these areas to the new developing shoots.
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The shoots should be bending down so the grafting place or, if a cutting is used, the old top of the cutting will become the top of the plant.
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The flower buds on these bend-out shoots have to be removed. This system allows the leaves to continue their production of energy.
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When the dominating primary shoots (apical dominance) is removed, causing the plant to respond by developing more basal buds.
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In the plant hormonal changes take place, which promote shoot development (balance cytokinins/ auxins).
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After cutting or bending out results in an increased cytokine level, causing buds to break. The shoots formed are producing auxins, so restoring the hormonal balance in the plant.
Basal Shoots
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Depending upon the growth and potentiality of a cultivar the number of basal shoots are formed.
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Per plant 2 to 3 well-formed shoots are allowed to continue growing, if more shoots were formed it is recommended for bending out of these shoots.
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This way a plant has got the use of more active leaf canopy to supply enough energy for development of a heavy crop with first quality flowers.
Special Operation
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1. Bud Capping: The flower buds are inserted with nylon a cap which helps for increasing bud size, avoids damage in transportation and maintains the microclimate in package.
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Harvest the flower buds at tight bud stage for longer distance.
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Stem length vary from 40-90cm.
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At harvest it often was practice to cut back to the first 5-leaf stage.
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Hence, it is recommended for cutting back to just above the original cutting.
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The length of the remaining stem decides the number of shoots (flower stems) which will grow back.
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If too much (4-6 cm) stem is left, many shoots are formed of a poor quality. Therefore it is advised to cut back to 1 cm.
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After 1 to 1.5 year the rose bush is cut back to approximately 10 cm above the original cutting, so creating a new top. Now again only 1-cm stem is left after harvest.
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Flower yield ranges from 100-150 stems, 200-225 and 250-350 stems per m2 in large hybrid tea, medium types and small and sprays, respectively.
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