Fluid Mechanics 3(2+1)

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Examples:

(i) Flight of birds in air
(ii) Cricket ball, spin & velocity
(iii) Circulation of blood in veins
(iv) Design of aero plane and ships
(v) Oil& gas pipe lines
(vi) Milk circulation in dairy plant
(vii) Aseptic processing of fruit juice

• This study area deals with many and diversified problems such as:It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic viewpoint.It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic viewpoint.

  • surface tension,

  • fluid statics,

  • flow in enclose bodies, or flow round bodies (solid or otherwise),

  • flow stability, etc.

• It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic viewpoint.
• Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex. Sometimes it can best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers.
• A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems.
• Also taking advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow is particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow.

2. History of fluid mechanics

Published paper “On the Theories of Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion” and derived equations known as Navier–Stokes equations

Archimedes (250 B.C.)	Investigated fluid statics and buoyancy and formulated his famous law known now as the Archimedes' principle Generally considered to be the first major work on fluid mechanics. for example, larger tunnels built for a larger water supply
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)	The first progress in fluid mechanics He built the first chambered canal lock near Milan. He also made several attempts to study the flight (birds) Developed some concepts on the origin of the forces.
Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)	Invented barometer
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)	Researched Viscosity
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)	Researched hydrostatics, formulated Pascal's law
Daniel Bernoulli (1700 – 1782)	Started mathematical fluid dynamics Published “Hydrodynamica” and introduced word “hydrodynamics” to encompass various topics of fluid statics and dynamics
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)	Euler’s equation of acceleration or motion. Studied motion of fluid under the action of external force
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) Pierre-Simon Laplace Siméon Denis Poisson	Analyzed inviscid flow
Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille (1799-1869) Gotthilf Hagen (1707-1884)	Explored viscous flow
Claude-Louis Navier (1785-1836) George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903)	Published paper “On the Theories of Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion” and derived equations known as Navier–Stokes equations
Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953), Theodore von Kármán (1881-1963)	Investigated boundary layers
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912) Andrey Kolmogorov Geoffrey Ingram Taylor (1886-)	Advanced the understanding of fluid viscosity and turbulence