Exercise: Nematicides and their Application.
Definition: Nematicides are the chemicals used to kill the nematodes or suppress their population.
Generally insecticides at higher doses are used to manage the nematodes.
Nematicides may be
- Plant/ animal originated nematicides
- Synthetic nematicides
1. Plant originated nematicides (botanicals): The toxic principal in botanicals is mostly alkaloids. Plants like marigold, neem, darek, karanj, castor etc. have been known to have nematicidal principles. Poor shelf life and fast degradation or exposure to moisture, heat and light are their negative points. High safety and low residual hazards are their positive features. Recent strategy is to include some of the plants and their products for suppression of nematode population in IPM. Neem beinjg toxic to nematodes due to azadirachtin and nemandiol is one of the most commercialized nematicides available in Indian market. Some of the commonly available formulations are:
Commercially available Neem formulations
Neem product
|
Dose/hac
|
Neemark
|
2.5 l
|
Nimbecidine
|
0.5 l
|
Neemplus
|
1.0 l
|
Neem rich
|
0.5-1.0 l
|
Achook
|
0.5-1.0 l
|
Neem Gold
|
1.0 L
|
Synthetic nematicides fall under two categories:
- Fumigant nematicides
- Non fumigant nematicides
I. Fumigant nematicides: belong to two chemical groups
a) Halogenated Hydrocarbons: e.g. D-D mixture, EDB, DBCP etc
b) Methyl isocynate and its releasers: e.g. MIT, Metam, Dazomet etc.
Some of the commercially available halogenated hydrocarbons used as nematicides are listed below.
| Common name
|
Trade Name
|
Dose
|
D-D mixture (1,3 dichloro propene,1,2 dichloro propane)
|
Telone, Vidden D
|
250-500 l/hectare
|
DBCP (1,2 dibromo-3 chloropropane)
|
Nemagon, Fumazone
|
25-50 l/ha
|
Chloropicrin (Tear gas), Trichloronitromethane)
|
Picfume, Larvicide
|
12fl.oz/100sq.ft
|
EDB (Ethylene Dibromide)
1,2 Dibromoethane
|
Nemex, Dowfume,
Bromofume, Soilfume
|
69 l/ha
|
| MBr (Methyl Bromide)
|
Bromomethane, Bedfume Pestmaster
|
1-2 lb/sft
|
Non fumigant Nematicides: Contact and systemic nematicides with little fumigant action as well. Mainly belong to two groups: 1. Carbamates
| Common name
|
Trade Name
|
Formulation
|
Dose
|
| Carbofuran
|
Furadan
|
3G, 50 WP
|
Soil application@2-3kg a.i./ha
Bare root dip@500-1000ppm for 30 min
|
| Oxamyl
|
Vydate
|
40 EC
|
Foliar spray @4-8 l a.i./ha
|
| Methomyl
|
Lannate
|
90 WP
|
-do-
|
| Metham Sodium
|
Vapam
|
32-35% aq.sol.Soil
|
drench @40 fl. Oz./sq ft.
|
2. Organophosphates
| Common name
|
Trade Name
|
Formulation
|
Dose
|
| Fensulfothion
|
Dasanit
|
5&10G,EC, WP
|
Soil application @ 3-6 kga.i./ha
Bare root dip @ 500-1000 ppmfor 30 min.
|
| Fenamiphos
|
Nemacur
|
10 G, EC
|
-do-
|
| Thionazin
|
Nemaphos
|
-do-
|
-do-
|
| Ethoprophos
|
Mocap
|
-do-
|
-do-
|
| Dichlofenthion
|
Hexanema
|
5G, 75 EC
|
-do-
|
| Phorate
|
Thimet
|
10G, EC
|
-do-
|
| Sebuphos
|
Rugby
|
-do-
|
-do-
|
| Dimethoate
|
Rogor
|
30 EC
|
Bare root dip @500-1000 ppm for 30 min.
|
| Carbosulfan
|
Marshal
|
25 EC
|
-do-
|
| Phosphamidon
|
Dimecron
|
85 SL
|
-do-
|
- Since 85% of the phyto parasitic nematodes are root parasites dwelling in soil, most of the nematicides find their application in soil/ plant rhizosphere in the form of granules, drenching (EC formulation) or dust. When used for seed dressing ST formulations (seed treatment formulations) and when used for bare root dips, liquid-able formulations are preferably used. However, foliar sprays and liquid-able formulations are used for the nematodes feeding on above ground parts of the plants.
|
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