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MODULE 1. Magnetism
MODULE 2. Particle Physics
MODULE 3. Modern Physics
MODULE 4. Semicoductor Physics
MODULE 5. Superconductivty
MODULE 6. Optics
5 April - 11 April
12 April - 18 April
19 April - 25 April
26 April - 2 May
LESSON 20. Law of Mass Action
Law of Mass action
We know that the concentration of electrons in conduction band is
\[{n_o}=2{\left( {{{2\pi m_e^*{k_B}T} \over {{h^2}}}} \right)^{{3 \over 2}}}e{^{\left( {{{{E_f} - {E_g}} \over {{K_B}T}}} \right)}}\] …………………(1)
Similarly, hole concentration in valance band is
\[{n_h} = 2{\left( {{{2\pi m_h^*{k_B}T} \over {{h^2}}}} \right)^{{3 \over 2}}}e{^{\left( {{{ - {E_f}} \over {{K_B}T}}} \right)}}\] ………………….(2)
Multiplying equation (1) and (2) we have the useful equation
\[{n_e}{n_h}\] = 4 \[{\left( {{{2\pi m_e^*{k_B}T} \over {{h^2}}}} \right)^{{3 \over 2}}}e{^{\left( {{{{E_f} - {E_g}} \over {{K_B}T}}} \right)}}\] \[{\left( {{{2\pi m_h^*{k_B}T} \over {{h^2}}}} \right)^{{3 \over 2}}}e{^{\left( {{{ - {E_f}} \over {{K_B}T}}} \right)}}\]………….. (3)
This is very useful relation since for the given semiconductor (i.e given effective masses and energy gap) at a given temperature the product of electron and hole concentration is constant.
We have assume that the semiconductor is intrinsic; the only assumption which has been is that the distance of the Fermi level from the edges of both the bands should be large in concentration with KBT . Due to this consideration, the results of equation (3) will also apply to extrinsic semiconductor. Thus introducing an impurity in an intrinsic semiconductor to increase n , say will decrease ρ as the product must remain constant. Thus the equation (3) governs the relative concentrations of electrons and holes in a given semiconductor and is sometime called the law of mass action.