Control methods
- The control methods of stored produce pests can be categorized into preventive and curative measures.
A. Preventive measures
- Brush the cracks, crevices and corners to remove all debris in the godown.
- Clean and maintain the threshing floor / yard free from insect infection and away from the vicinity of villages.
- Clean the machines like harvester and thresher before their use.
- Made the trucks, trolleys or bullock carts free from infestation.
- Clean the godowns/storage structures before storing the newly harvested crop to eliminate various bio stages of pest hiding.
- Provide a metal sheet upto a height of 25 cm at the bottom of the wood in doors to arrest the entry of rats.
- Fix up wire meshes to windows, ventilators, gutters, drains etc. to prevent entry of rats, birds and squirrels.
- Remove and destroy dirt, rubbish, sweepings and webbings etc. from the stores.
- Close all the rat burrows found in godown with a mixture of broken glass pieces and mud and plastered with mud / cement.
- Plaster the cracks, crevices, holes found on walls, and floors with mud or cement and white wash the stores before storing of grains.
- Provide dunnage leaving gangway or alleyway of 0.75 to 1 m all around to maintain good storage condition.
- Store the food grains in rat and moisture proof storage structures.
- Disinfest the storage structures receptacles by spraying malathion 50 EC @ 3 lit 100 m before their use.
B. Curative measures i. Ecological methods
- Manipulate the ecological factors like temperature, moisture content, and oxygen through design and construction of storage structures/godown and storage to create ecological conditions unfavorable for attack by insects.
- Temperature above 42oC and below 15oC retards reproduction and development of insect while prolonged temperature above 45oC and below 10oC may kill the insects.
- Dry the produce to have moisture content below 10% to prevent the buildup of pests.
- Kill the pests bio stages horboured in the storage bags, bins etc. by drying in the sun light.
- Store the grains at around 10% moisture content to escape from the insects attack.
- Manipulate and reduce oxygen level by 1% to increase the CO2 level automatically, which will be lethal to all the stages of insects.
ii. Physical methods
- Provide a super heating system by infrared heaters in the floor mills and food processing plant to obtain effective control of pests since mostly the stored produce insects' die at 55-60oC in 10-20 minutes.
- Modify the storage atmosphere to generate low oxygen (2.4% and to develop high carbon dioxide (9.0 - 9.5) by adding CO2 to controls the insects.
Seed purpose
- Mix 1 kg of activated kaolin (or) lindane 1.3 D (or) Malathion 5 D for every 100 kg of seed and store / pack in gunny or polythene lined bags.
Grain purpose
- Mix 1 kg activated kaolin for every 100 kg of grain and store. To protect the pulse grains, mix activated kaolin at the above dosage or any one of the edible oils at 1 kg for every 100 kg of grin or mix 1 kg of neem seed kernel for every 100 kg of cereal or pulse and store.
- Do not mix synthetic insecticides with grains meant for consumption.
iii. Cultural methods
- Split and store pulses to escape from the attack by pulse beetle since it prefers to attack whole pulses and not split ones.
- Store the food grains in airtight sealed structures to prevent the infestation by insects.
iv. Mechanical methods
- Sieve and remove all broken grains to eliminate the condition which favour storage pests.
- Stitch all torn out bags before filling the grains.
v. Chemical methods
- Treat the walls, dunnage materials and ceilings of empty godown with Malathion 50 EC 10 ml / 1 (or) DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml / 1 at 31 spray solution / 10 sq.m.
- Treat the alleways and gangways with Malathion 50 EC 10 ml / 1 or DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml / 1 (1 litre of spray fluid / 270 M3).
- Spray Malathion 50 EC 10 ml / 1 @ 3 1 of spray fluid / 100 M2 over the bags.
- Do not spray the insecticides directly on food grains.
- Use knock down chemicals like lindane smoke generator or fumigant strips pyrethrum spray to kill the flying insects and insects on surfaces, cracks and crevices.
- Use seed protectants like pyrethrum dust, carbaryl dust to mix with grains meant for seed purpose only.
- Decide the need for shed fumigation based on the intensity of infestation.
- Check the black polythene sheets or rubberized aluminum covers for holes and get them ready for fumigation.
- Use EDB ampoules (available in different sizes of 3 ml, 6 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml and 30 ml) at 3 ml / quintal. At for wheat the pulses and 5 ml / quintal for rice and paddy (Do not recommend EDB for fumigation of flour oil seeds and moist grains).
- Use EDCT (available in tin containers of 500 ml, 1 liter and 5 litres) at 30-40 litres / 100 cubic meter in large-scale storage and 55 ml/quintal in small-scale storage.
- Use fumigants like Ethylene dibromide (EDB), Ethylene dichloride carbon tetra chloride (EDCT), Aluminium phosphide (ALP) to control stored produce pests effectively.
- Apply Aluminium phosphide (available in 0.6 g and 3 gram tablets) @ 2 tablets (3 gram each) per tonne of food grains lot with help of an applicator.
- Choose the fumigant and work out the requirement based on the following guidelines.
- 3 tablets of aluminum phosphide 3 g each per tonne of grain (For cover fumigation)
- 21 tablets of aluminium phosphide 3 g each for 28 cubic meters (For shed fumigation)
- Period of fumigation is 5 days.
- Mixclay or red earth with water and make it into a paste form and keep it ready for plastering all round the fumigation cover or keep ready sand snakes (For cover fumigation).
- Place the required number of aluminium phosphide tablets in between the bags in different layer.
- Cover the bags immediately with fumigation cover.
- Plaster the edges of cover all round with wet red earth or clay plaster or weigh down with sand sankes to make leak proof.
- Keep the bags for a period of 5 - 7 days under fumigation based on fumigant chosen.
- Remove the mud plaster after specified fumigation periods and lift cover in the corner to allow the residual gas to escape.
- Lift the cover after few hours to allow aeration.
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![Stroage Stroage](http://14.139.56.154:82/file.php/86/Storage_3.jpg)
![Stroage Stroage](http://14.139.56.154:82/file.php/86/Storage_4.jpg)
![Stroage Stroage](http://14.139.56.154:82/file.php/86/Storage_5.jpg)
![Stroage Stroage](http://14.139.56.154:82/file.php/86/storage_6.jpg)
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Last modified: Friday, 27 January 2012, 11:24 PM