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It is a condition in which ketone bodies appear in blood and from there in the urine
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The ketone bodies are acetone, acctoacetic acid, beta – hydroxyl butyric acid
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Occurs due to decrease in blood glucose due to hypoglycemia or due to decreased utilization of glucose as in diabetes mellitus
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To compensate for lack of glucose, oxidation of fatty acids provides alternate source of energy.
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This is accompanied by production of ketone bodies, which serve as a source of cellular energy
Causes
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Starvation
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Diabetes mellities
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Pregnancy
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Lactation
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Loss of appetite
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Digestive disorders
Ketosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
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Urinalysis - Strongly positive for acetoacetic acid betahydroxy butyric acid
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Milk Analysis - for present of Ketone bodies (Acetone)
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Hyperlipaemia - increased lipid level in blood fatty chages in hepatocytes
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Acidosis - Depletion of alkali ions – due to neutralization of two Ketone acids
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Hypoglycemia - Decreased blood glucose level
Ketosis and hypoglycemia
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Ketosis is the term used to describe the accumulation of excessive quantities of “Ketone bodies” in the blood (Ketonemai).
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The ketone bodies are β- hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone.
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Ketosis follows excessive breakdown of adipose tissue as a source of energy when the availability of glucose is limited for any reason.
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The oxidation of free fatty acids through acetyl-CoA, however, depends on a continuous source of oxaloacetate: this allows its incorporation into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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In the face of active gluconeogenesis, which accompanies increased demands for glucose, inadequate oxaloacetate results and acetyl-CoA is directed to ketogenesis.
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Normally, small amounts of ketone dobies and continuously generated and oxidized in the tissues.
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When produced in amounts that exceed tissue utilization, ketones are excreted in the urine (ketonuria); when produced in amounts which exceed the renal capacity for excretion, they accumulate in the blood and lead to ketosis.
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Ketosis can develop through
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starvation, because of an increased demand for gluconeogenesis,
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diabetes mellitus, because of an inability to utilize glucose, and
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pregnancy and lactation, which place in increased demand for glucose.
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Diabetes is obviously characterized by hyperglycemia, whereas the other disorders associated with ketosis are usually associated with hypoglycemia.
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This is clearly an oversimplification of ketosis, but it is beyond the scope of this text to include a comprehensive review of the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids.
Bovine ketosis
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Bovine ketosis can develop through starvation, from diets containing excessive butyric acid; however the usual form is a spontaneous ketosis, seen in lacing dairy cows on an increased plane of nutrition.
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I believed that the immense demand of the mammy gland to synthesize lactose exceeds the available cose; this leads to hypoglycemia.
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The desease in characterized by anorexia and depression, or sometimes exorability, incoordination, and terminal coma.
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Pregnantoxemia of ewes (“Pregant ewe paralysis”) is a disease that develops late in pregnancy, usually in ewes carrying twins or triplets; the ewes have, for some reason, come stressed or deprived of adequate food.
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This completed with the increased demand for glucose by the leads to ketosis.
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It is characterized by depression somnolence, and coma, but not true paralysis the outstanding lesion of bovine ketosis and pregnancy toxemia of ewes is sever fatty change in the liver.
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