Market Milk

Module 7. Processed milk varieties

Lesson 34
LEGAL STANDARDS AND VARIANTS OF MARKET MILK

34.1 Introduction

The term ‘fluid milk’ refers to liquid milk which is used for consumption as well as for conversion into products. Milk is often referred to by one or more processes which are applied to it before it is sold. Toned, double toned, standardized, pasteurized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined, sterilized and other terms describe fluid milk products which are consumed for drinking or other purposes primarily in home or which are intermediate in the preparation of other milk products for market.

34.2 Designations and Standards for Various Market Milk

According to the FSS Rules, 2011 (formerly PFA Rules), the standards for different classes and designations of milk in India are as follows:

34.3 Buffalo Milk

The legal standards for buffalo milk stipulate that it may be either raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured or sterilized milk containing minimum milk fat of 6% and minimum milk SNF of 9% in the states of Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, whereas in states/Union Territories like Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar-Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Karnataka, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan and Tripura, the minimum milk fat is 5% and minimum milk SNF is 9%.

34.4 Cow Milk

The legal standards for cow milk prescribe that it may be either raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured or sterilized milk containing minimum milk fat of 4% and minimum milk SNF of 8.5% in the states of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab whereas in Andaman and Nicobar. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Dadra and Nagar-Haveli, Delhi, Gujarat, Goa, Daman and Diu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Karnataka, Nagaland, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Tripura the minimum milk fat is 3.5% and minimum milk SNF is 8.5%. However, in Orissa the minimum milk fat is 3% and minimum milk SNF is 9%.

34.5 Goat or Sheep Milk

The legal standards for Goat or sheep milk specify that it may be either raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured or sterilized milk containing minimum milk fat of 3.5% and minimum milk SNF of 9% in the states of Chandigarh, Haryana, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, whereas in Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Dadra and Nagar-Haveli, Delhi, Gujarat, Goa, Daman and Diu, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Tamilnadu, Manipur, Karnataka, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Tripura, the minimum milk fat is 3.5% and minimum milk SNF is 8.5%.

34.6 Standardized Milk

The legal standards for standardized milk stipulate that it is used for liquid milk consumption and should contain minimum milk fat of 4.5% and minimum milk SNF of 8.5% throughout India.

34.7 Recombined Milk

It should contain minimum milk fat of 3% and minimum milk SNF of 8.5%.

34.8 Toned Milk

It should contain minimum milk fat of 3% and minimum milk SNF of 8.5%.

34.9 Double Toned Milk

It should contain minimum milk fat of 1.5% and minimum milk SNF of 9%.

34.10 Skim Milk

It should contain maximum milk fat of 0.5% and minimum milk SNF of 8.7%.

Note: When milk is offered for sale without any indication of the class, the standards prescribed for buffalo milk shall apply.

34.11 Full Cream Milk

To cater to the need of growing children and high income group people who wish to purchase the whole buffalo milk, a variant of milk called ‘Full Cream Milk’ (FCM) with minimum 6.0% fat and 9.0% SNF came into the market.

34.12 Toned Milk

Toned milk refers to milk obtained by the addition of water and skim milk powder to whole milk. In practice, whole buffalo milk is admixed with reconstituted skim milk. Toned milk is the brainchild of Dr. D. N. Khurody who is credited with coining this name. Under his guidance, it was first produced in Mumbai city. Soon after other cities, notably Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi started producing and marketing toned milk (Fig. 34.1)

34.12.1 Legal definition

Under the FSS Rules (2011), toned milk should contain a minimum of 3.0% fat and 8.5% SNF throughout the country.

Fig. 34.1 Flow diagram for manufacture of toned milk

34.12.2 Calculations for toned milk preparation

Problem: Given 1500 kg of whole buffalo milk testing 6.5% fat and 9.8% SNF and SMP testing 0.5% fat and 96.5% SNF. Prepare toned milk to contain 3.0% fat and 8.5% SNF.
Solution: Let the amount of water and SMP required be w and s kg respectively.

Amount of toned milk = (1500+w+s) kg
The following equations can be formed:
[1500×6.5/100]+[s×0.5/100] = (1500+w+s) × 3.0/100 _______(1) Fat Equation
[1500×9.8/100]+[s×96.5/100] = (1500+w+s) × 8.5/100 ______(2) SNF Equation
Solving the above equation,
w = 1724.36 kg water
s = 30.74kg SMP

34.12.3 Advantages

1. Increases the supply of milk. The buffalo milk quantity can be increased by 100-150% on the basis of fat content.

2. Reduces the price of milk so as to reach the lower income group of population.

3. It is advantageous for those who are required to consume less fat on health grounds.

34.13 Double toned milk

Double toned milk (DTM) is made from cow and/or buffalo milk by adding fresh skim milk or a mixture of water and skim milk powder and/or by removing fat by partial separation, or by doing both. The standard throughout India for this fluid milk is minimum of 1.5% milk fat and 9.0% SNF. Double-toned milk should be pasteurized.

It is probable that DTM cannot be made from cow milk by partial separation alone. The addition of powder is necessary to ensure the required SNF (minimum 9.0%). Since cow milk may have around 8.5% SNF, DTM cannot contain 9.0% SNF. Extra SNF must normally be added in the form of skim milk powder. Buffalo milk would seldom have this difficulty because whole buffalo milk must legally contain at least 9.0% SNF.

34.13.1 Nutritive value

The energy value of DTM is about 46 kcal/l00 gm. The supplies of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble materials are low in DTM. However, it has a high content of essential amino acids. The method of manufacture is similar to that of toned milk.