Veterinary Clinical Medicine-I (General and Systemic)

CLINICAL SIGNS

History

• Regurgitation of food and water
• weight loss or poor growth
• hypersalivation and
• a gurgling sound with swallowing
• coughing
• mucopurulent nasal discharge
• dyspnea with concurrent aspiration pneumonia

Clinical findings

• Occasionally normal
• regurgitation
• weight loss
• auscultation of retained fluid and food in the esophagus,
• halitosis
• ptyalism
• bulging of the esophagus at the thoracic inlet
• pain associated with palpation of the cervical esophagus
• respiratory crackles
• tachypnea
• pyrexia
• myalgia
• muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, hyporeflexia
• proprioceptive and postural deficits
• autonomic disorders (mydriasis with loss of pupillary light reflex
• dry nasal and ocular mucous membranes, diarrhea, bradycardia)
• cranial nerve deficits (especially cranial nerves VI, IX, and X)
• paresis or paralysis, and mentation changes.