Veterinary Clinical Medicine-I (General and Systemic)

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS ON URINE

• Urine protein: creatinine (P:C) ratio is useful for determining the magnitude and significance of proteinuria. 
• A ratio >1.0 is indicative of significant protein loss in dogs and cats; the magnitude of increase help differentiate glomerular from tubular disease.
• Urine electrolytes The fractional excretion of electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, PO4, Cl^-) may be more useful. Fractional excretion provides a meaningful estimate of urine electrolyte loss.
• Tumor marker test is available for the detection of transitional cell carcinoma antigens.