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Camera Effects: A significant number and range of special effects can be created within a film camera during initial recording. Some film cameras, for example, allow the frames – per- second speed to be altered from the normal sound speed of 24 fps. Recording rates in excess of 24 fps, such as 32, 48, and 64 fps, create slow motion when the processes film is projected at the standard projection speed of 24 fps. Recording rates less than 24 fps, such as 18 and 12 fps, create fast motion. Attaching an interval-meter to a film camera allows the frames per second to be significantly reduced to one frame every 1,2, or 20 seconds, or even every few minutes or hours, to create time – lapse recordings, such as images of clouds rolling overhead or flower petals opening and closing throughout the day. Single – frame control of a live- action film camera allows for pixilation effects, which are described earlier in this chapter. Most digital cameras duplicate these same effects in camera also.
In – camera matte effects: are created by blocking off a portion of the frame during the first exposure, rewinding the film, and then exposing the previously blocked portion of the frame. Matte boxes can have half of the frame filled with an opaque black filter, which is then reversed to cover the opposite half of the frame to create a split- screen image. First one side of the frame is exposed and then the film is rewound and the opposite side of the film is exposed. In – camera mattes, which are finely cut out of metal, can also be inserted behind the lens closer to the focal plane. An actor can then play two different roles within the same camera frame. This is done by first filming the actor on one side of the screen, rewinding the film, and then filming the same actor on the opposite side of the screen, rewinding the film, and other scenic additions can be made using the same in - camera matte process by dividing the frame horizontally rather than vertically. Filters can also be placed over a lens, such as a gauze or haze filter, to create a softer image. Cinematographers often carry a variety of transport materials with them on location that can be used to diffuse the image recording.
Video cameras can also provide built – in special effects controls. For example, fade-ins and fade – outs can often be created automatically at the beginning or end of a shot by depressing a fader control. Some cameras allow the speed of motion to be varied to create slow motion, fast motion, and time – lapse recordings. Other in - camera special effects include various forms of digital image processing, such as image patterning, blurring, solarization, and other visual image manipulations and distortions. Again, many of these in - camera effects can also be created during postproduction, such as digital nonlinear editing, although some experimental videographers prefer to create these effects during initial recording.
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