General-Systemic Pharmacology: Types of adverse effects

Types of adverse effects

TYPES OF ADVERSE EFFECTS

Side effect - expected effect and unavoidable – eg.. dryness of mouth in atropine treatment
Secondary effect – indirect consequences of a primary effect eg.. weakening of host immunity by corticosteroids flare up of TB
Toxic effect – due to overdosage. eg.. Paracetamol induced liver damage, coma by barbiturates, auditory disturbance in streptomycin
Intolerance – appearance of toxic effects at therapeutic doses in some individuals.. eg..only few doses of carbamazepine ataxia in some patients
Idiosyncracy--- genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical and also some uncharacteristic reactions to drugs egg. Barbiturate induced excitement and confusion in some patients.
Drug allergy --- immunologically mediated reaction – not related to the action of the drug ( hypersensitivity but not suprsensitivity) – needs a priming dose and the second dose produces violent reactions. drug acts as antigen (hapten) and capable of stimulating the body to produce Antibodies against it.
Type I -- anaphylactic (Immediate hypersensitivity) – itching , urticaria, asthma etc..
Type II – cytolytic – causes decrease of blood cells and organ damage
Type III – Arthus reaction – on vascular endothelium – serum sickness, fever, arthralgia etc..
Type IV – (delayed hypersensitivity) - takes more than 12 h to develop eg.. contact dermatitis, rashes, fever etc..
Treatment - stopping the offending drug, administration of antihistamines, glucocorticoids, adranaline etc..
Examples of drugs causing hypersensitivity: Penicillin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, salicylates, quinolones, Anti TB drugs, etc…
Photosensitivity - cutaneous reaction due to drug induced sensitization of the skin to UV light or radiation. Eg.. phenothiazine ( phototoxic), sulfonamide, griseofulvin ( photoallergic)
Dependence – psychological – patient feels that he will be alright only if he takes the drug
Withdrawal reactions – for non addictive drugs.. eg.. seizures on withdrawal of an antiepileptic drug.
Teratogenicity – ability to cause fetal abnormalities eg.. thalidomide, anticancer drugs, tetracyclines.
Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. eg.. anticancer drugs, estrogen, radioactivity, tobacco etc..
Drug induced diseases – (iatrogenic – physician induced)—eg.. ulcer by NSAIDs..

Last modified: Wednesday, 25 April 2012, 7:19 AM

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VPT 311: General and Systemic Veterinary Pharmacology (2+1)

Types of adverse effects

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