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For many veterinarians, animal welfare is a matter of animal health: As long as an animal is healthy, it is also happy. For the past forty years, however, behaviour biologists have shown repeatedly that, whereas poor health contributes to poor welfare, the opposite is not necessarily the case. There is more to good welfare than good health.
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Numerous studies have shown that, despite many generations of selection for various traits, the behavioural repertoire of domestic animals is almost identical to that of their wild ancestors. A broiler chicken has a similar demand for dust bathing as a jungle fowl. A thoroughbred racehorse has the same demand for social contact as the Przwalski horse. These are just two of many other examples. Consequently, to ensure a certain level of welfare in our domestic animals, it is important that they are able to perform their species-specific behaviour beyond eating behaviour, drinking behaviour, eliminative behaviour and resting behaviour.
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And that's where the controversy begins Which elements of the animal's ethogram are essential and which ones are not? Must a prey animal show flight behaviour regularly to be happy? Must a well-fed animal show foraging behaviour to be content? Is social contact through bars enough contact?
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The controversy consists of, on the one side, practitioners or producers that need to house and manage animals in such a way that their production is productive and, on the other side, animal protection people or animal rights people who are against any "exploitation" of the domestic animals.
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As with most issues, obviously the optimum lies somewhere in between these two extremes. We all have to compromise and so must our domestic animals. In return for regular food, water, shelter and medical care, the animals must give up some of their freedom. But how much they must give up, how restrictively we can keep them with good conscience, is a matter of dispute.
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The veterinary profession plays a key role in the controversy in that it possesses a detailed knowledge of both camps. Practicing veterinarians and veterinary inspectors are in regular contact with the animals, either in the clinic or during visits to the farms, either to treat sick animals, to institute preventive measures, or to control that legislation is being followed. At the same time veterinarians possess (or should possess) the scientific background that enable them to judge the welfare of their patients and clients.
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Public concern for the welfare of domestic animals is likely to increase in the future. At the present time behaviour biologists still struggle with the difficult task of "measuring happiness" in the animals. Similarly, programs for monitoring welfare in praxis are being developed in many countries. An important question in these developments is how the veterinary profession can best prepare itself for future challenges, both in the veterinary curriculum and in terms of continued education.
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The public views veterinarians favorably, regarding them as experts in animal care and welfare. But the veterinary profession has had a love-hate relationship with animal advocates.
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The profession's economics and changing demographics—in 1960, less than 2% of veterinarians were female; today 45% are female—will have an impact on the way the profession deals with animal welfare and animal rights. Public opinion polls find that women are about 15 percentage points more positive toward animal welfare issues than are men. One could argue that the increased of numbers of female veterinarians is already having an impact, even though there are still relatively few women in leadership positions in the profession. In addition, most pet caregivers who take their animals to veterinarians will favor those veterinarians who emphasize animal welfare.
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Because their animals are now considered members of the household, people are requesting advanced veterinary services—and paying more for them. The more veterinary hospitals respond to this change in pet caregiver attitudes by, for example, focusing more on animal welfare and working cooperatively with local humane societies, the more their clients are likely to trust them and accept the new economic realities of pet medicine.
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Moreover, as people have come to value their pets more highly, many veterinarians have responded by offering—and charging for—medical and surgical services that meet their clients' expanding demands for advanced healthcare. As public concern for animal welfare grew, people began asking awkward questions regarding, for example, the production of foie gras, the forced molting of laying hens, and the slaughter of horses for human consumption overseas.
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