VPE 511: Environment and Environmental Hygiene (2+1)

REMOVAL OF MANURE FROM BUILDINGS

• The collection of solid manure in animal habitations under ordinary management is usually carried out once or twice daily.
• Removal from the building is usually effected either by means of a wheelbarrow or similar vehicle or often by simply throwing the manure through an open door on to a dump situated immediately outside the buildings.
• From the hygienic point of view a serious objection to this latter method is the close proximity of the dung heap to the buildings.
• While transporting these materials should not scattered or spilt and give rise to unnecessary filth on the yards and roadways where a barrow has to be used ,it should be made of metal and have widely slopping sides so that is easily retains the manure placed in it being of metal it can be washed and disinfected periodically.
• If number of animals kept are large means. It can be transported either by bullock cart or tractor.

Manure pit

• Should be for away from the stable or cowsheds, not only as a safeguard against smell, but also as a preventive measure against the nuisance of flies. Fresh manure forms an ideal breeding ground for the common house fly, a pest which may easily become a hindrance to clean milk production. Flies also cause considerable annoyance to the cows in summer, and there is some evidence that they may be a factor in the spread of mastitis.
• The common practice of depositing the manure in a dump immediately outside the buildings and into which the drainage system empties is most objectionable. A concrete pathway should connect the building and manure pit and where it is possible accessibility to the latter from a hard road is an advantage when it comes to transferring the manure to the land.
• The space required for a manure pit depends on number of factors. These include the number and species of animals kept the nature of the food consumed, the amount of bedding supplied and the extent to which it is re-used or discarded and the length of time the manure is to be stored. The manure pits have a capacity of not more than 1 cubic metre unless it be emptied every 48 hrs. It is suggested that a manure pit should be of such a size as to ensure that it must be emptied every 6 to 8 weeks.
• If bedding is used it should be separated from manure and can be dried for further use
• Approximate quantity of dung expelled per animal per day
• Horse    -   10-12 Kg
• Ox         -   30-35 Kg
• Sheep   -   1-3 kg
• Swine   -   1.5-3kg
• The capacity manure pit for 100 cattle per day is 6.4 sq metres. The retaining walls about 1.2-1.5 metres high preferably of brick or concrete. Bottom should always be impervious, cement concrete is the best material, there should be a fall to one end where a drain leads to the liquid manure tank.
• The manure pit should be roofed over with galvanized iron or other suitable material to prevent the leeching of the valuable soluble constituents, nitrogen, phosphates and potash from the manure.
• The roof must allow free circulation of air over the manure, otherwise the latter may get too hot and so deteriorate.
• To make the stored manure to become fertilizer anaerobic condition is essential hence the manure mass is tightly packed.
• These conditions essential for the making of good manure also serve to prevent the multiplication of flies and to bring about the destruction of certain pathogenic bacteria and strongyle and other worm larvae.
• In certain circumstances manure may be directly applied to the land without storage, but it is to be spread on arable land or on field not being used for livestock since it may remain potentially infective with the organisms of tuberculosis paratuberculosis and with parasitic ova and larva for considerable period.

Liquid maure

• The urine and other organic liquid waste should be drained with surface channels and collected in liquid manure tank.
• The advantage of surface channel are not blocked, and economy to construct.

Liquid manur Tank

• The channels from the animal houses still converge at the inspection chamber.
• From this chamber one pipe carried the liquid to the settling chamber.
• The settling chamber is constructed of cement concrete throughout or with cement concrete floor and walls of brick faced with cement. From the settling chamber liquid alone carried to liquid manure pit and liquid is pumped out.
• The tank must be made of impervious material throughout and the bottom should be constricted of reinforced concrete.
• The sides may also be build of reinforced concrete or alternatively be brick built and faced inside with a good coating of cement Absolute gas tightness in a liquid manure tank is essential in order to conserve the anmonia.