LECTURE SCHEDULE

LECTURE SCHEDULE-INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY

THEORY
Lecture 1-3.
MICROBIOLOGY- GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
Definition of microbiology. Microbial evolution. What are microorganisms?. A survey of microorganisms. Historical development - Discovery of microbial world. Theory of spontaneous generation. Germ theory of diseases. Contributions of scientists to the development of microbiology. Scope of microbiology. Microbial effect on organic and inorganic matter. Composition of microbial world.
Lecture 4.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF MICROORGANISMS:
Study of microscope, Bright-field microscopy, function of microscope- Resolving power, Numerical aperture, Limit of resolution, Magnification, Preparations for Light microscope examinations, The wet-mount and Hanging drop technique.
Lecture 5.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STAINS:
Fixation, Stained smears, Types and characters of stains, Simple staining, Differential staining and Gram staining techniques and other differential stains and its applications.
Lecture 6-7.
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS:
 PROKARYOTIC CELL: Arrangement of prokaryotic cell :Shape and size. Study of a typical prokaryotic cell-Fine structure of a prokaryotic cell: bacterial cell- Cell wall of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Functions of bacterial cell wall. Cell membrane and its functions. Cytoplasm, Flagella, Pili or Fimbriae, Sheath, Prosthecae, Stalk, cellular reserve materials, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Spores and cysts. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
Lecture 8.
TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA AND PRECULTURE TECHNIQUES:
Bacteriological media-types of media- Selective media, Differential media, Assay media, Media for enumeration of bacteria, Media for characterization of bacteria, Maintenance media, Solid and semi-solid media, Synthetic and semi-synthetic media, Preparation of media.
Lecture 9-10.
MICROBIAL NUTRITION:
Chemical elements as nutrients, Elements of microbial nutrition-Macronutrients - Carbon, Nutritional classification of microorganisms-Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Photo autotrophs photo heterotrophs. Chemo autotrophs and Chemo heterotrophs. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur etc,. micronutrients - Cu,Fe,Mn, Zn etc,. and Accessory nutrients.
Lecture 11.
MICROBIAL GROWTH:
Definiton of growth. Batch culture- Growth curve-Definition and Phases of bacterial growth, Methods of determining growth. Mathematical expression of bacterial growth. Continuous cultures, Synchronous cultures, Diauxic growth curve. Effects of environmental conditions (temperature, pH, Oxygen and light) on microbial growth. Measurement of yeast and fungal growth.
Lecture 12-13.
VIRUSES:
Definition and Properties of viruses, Bacteriophages; Definition and Structure of T4 bacteriophage. Lytic and lysogenic phages/cycles. Definition and Phases of replication. Animal viruses- types of infections, Diseases, Plant viruses-diseases of plant viruses, Viroids, Prions, Classification of viruses.
Lecture 14-15.
MICROBIAL GENETICS:
Basic concepts, Genotype and phenotype, DNA and chromosomes. Enzymes, DNA replication; Transcription and Translation. Bacterial genome organization-Plasmids, Gene regulation and expression-the operon model of gene expression. Importance of microbial genetics, Genetic recombination methods, HFR cells, Other genetic recombinations, Genetic engineering.
Lecture 16.
MUTATION:
Mutation –definition, Mutant identification, Replica plating technique, Types of mutations, mutagens-chemical, physical and biological agents.
Lecture 17-18.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS:
Types of interrelationships-beneficial/positive interactions-neutralism, symbiosis, proto-cooperation and commensalisms. Negative/harmful interactions-Competition, ammensalism, antagonism, predation and parasitism.

PRACTICAL

Sl.No	Title of Experiments
Practical  1-2	Study of compound microscope/bright field microscope. A. Study of parts of microscope B. Examination of animate and inanimate objects C. Working of microscope
Practical  3.	Microscopic examination of  living microorganisms by Temporary Wet Mount (TWM) technique .
Practical  4.	Hanging drop technique for demonstrating motility of living bacteria.
Practical 5.	Simple Staining technique
Practical 6.	Differential staining technique-Gram stain
Practical 7.	Study of structural staining technique
Practical 8.	Sterilization techniques
Practical  9.	Preparation of culture media
Practical 10	Preparation of nutrient agar
Practical 11.	Preparation of nutrient broth
Practical 12.	Preparation of nutrient agar slants/slopes
Practical 13-14.	Isolation and culture of microorganisms by streak plate method
Practical 15-16.	Isolation and culture of microorganisms by serial dilution technique and pour-plate method
Practical 17-18.	Determination of rate of microbial  growth by Turbidometric technique.