Plant Propagation and Nursery Management (1+1)

Types of Dormancy (Exogenous Dormancy)

1. Exogenous Dormancy

• This type of dormancy is imposed by factors outside the embryo.
• In exogenous dormancy, the tissues enclosing the embryo can affect germination by inhibiting water uptake, providing mechanical resistance to embryo expansion and radicle emergence, modifying gaseous exchange (limit oxygen to embryo), preventing leaching of inhibitor from the embryo and supplying inhibitor to the embryo. It is of three types:
a) Physical dormancy (seed coat dormancy): Seed coat or seed covering may become hard, fibrous or mucilaginous (adhesives gum) during dehydration and ripening as a result they become impermeable to water and gases, which prevents the physiological processes initiating germination This type of dormancy is very common in drupe fruits i.e. olive, peach, plum, apricot, cherry etc. (hardened endocarp), walnut and pecan nut (surrounding shell). In various plant families, such as, Leguminosae, the outer seed coat gets hardened and becomes suberized and impervious to water.
b) Mechanical dormancy: In some fruits seed covering restricts radicle growth, resulting in dormancy of seeds. Some seed covering structures, such as shells of walnut, pits of stone fruits and stones of olive are too strong to allow the dormant embryo to expand during germination. The water may be absorbed but the difficulty arises in the cementing material as in walnut. Germination in such seeds does not occur until and unless the seed coats are softened either by creating moist and warm conditions during storage or by microbial activity.
c) Chemical dormancy: In seeds of some fruits chemicals that accumulate in fruit and seed covering tissues during development and remain with the seed after harvest. It is quite common in fleshy fruits or fruits whose seeds remain in juice as in citrus, cucurbits, stone fruits, pear, grapes and tomatoes. Some of the substances associated with inhibition are various phenols, coumarin and abscisic acid. These substances can strongly inhibit seed germination.