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Chromosomal and genetic defects
- Genetic defects_ muscular dystrophy, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis.
- inherited congenital syndrome - cocaine syndrome, result in mental retardation, dwarfism, blindness, deafness, unsteady gait and tremors
- Genetic predisposition- Ex. If one child has spinabifida his younger brother also may have same problem in 50% of cases.
Teratogenic agents
- Infections-syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes
- Drugs and chemicals, alcohol, radiations and maternal diseases like diabetes
- Environmental conditions like mal nourishment, Maternal trauma- neurological impairments
- Exposure to teratogens during 14-60 days of pregnancy have more impact on developing foetus
Acquired causes
- infections (meningitis, encephalitis) environmental toxins ( pollution, asthma), and disease (cancer, diabetes), trauma, child abuse
- Accidents and lead poisoning - fits, mental retardation, LD, deaf
- Shaken infant syndrome - cognitive impairments, fits, and physical disabilities
Prematurity and complications of pregnancy
- Pre maturity
- lack of oxygen, intrauterine infection
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Participants