|
Immunoglobulins are usually administrated by intramuscular injection or rarely intravenous.
Cold Chain:
Cold chain is a system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperature from the manufacturing site to actual vaccination site. Cold chain is necessary because vaccine failure may occur due to deficient storage and transport conditions under strict temperature controls. Among all the vaccines, polio is most sensitive to heat, requiring storage at –200C. Polio and measles both vaccines need to be stored in freezer compartment. Vaccines to be stored in cold conditions but never allowed to freeze are typhoid, DPT, tetanus toxoid, DT, BCG and diluents.
Vaccines must be protected from sunlight and contact with antiseptics
Cold chain equipments include:
- Walk in cold room
- Deep freezers of different capacities (300, 240, 140 L)
- Cold boxes
- Vaccine carriers
- Day carries
- Ice packs
- Flasks
Hazards of Immunization:
No immune response is entirely free from the risk of adverse reactions or remote sequelae.
The reactions can be grouped as –
- Reactions inherent to inoculation: These are local general reactions. It includes pain, swelling, redness, tenderness and development of small module, sterile abscess at the site of injection. General reaction may be fever, malaise and headache.
- Reactions due to faulty techniques: Faulty techniques may relate to faulty production of vaccine, too much toxin given in one dose, improper immunization site or route, vaccine reconstituted with incorrect diluent, wrong amount of diluent, vaccine prepared incorrectly for use, contaminated vaccine or diluent, incorrect storage of vaccine, contra-indicators ignored, use of reconstituted vaccine in next session, use of improperly sterilized needles.
- Reactions due to hypersensitivity: Administration of antisera may give rise to anaphylactic shock and serum sickness.
- Neurological involvement: Neuritic manifestation may be seen after the administration of serum or vaccine. Allergy is considered to be the underlying factor in the causation of neuro-paralytic accidents.
- Provocative reaction: Following immunization, totally unconnected disease may occur.
- Others: Damage to the fetus in case of rubella, displacement in the age distribution of disease.
Immunization Shedule :
| Time
|
Type of vaccine
|
Protection
|
Dosage
|
|
At birth
|
BCG
OPV
Hepatitis -B
|
Tuberculosis
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis
|
1st dose
1st dose
|
|
1 month
|
Hepatitis -B
|
Hepatitis
|
2nd dose
|
|
1 ½ months
|
DPT
OPV
|
Diphtheria, Tetanus Pertusis
|
1st dose
2nd dose
|
|
2 ½ months
|
DPT
OPV
|
|
2nd dose
3rd dose
|
|
3 ½ months
|
DPT
OPV
|
|
3rd dose
4th dose
|
|
5 months
|
OPV
|
|
5th dose
|
|
6 months
|
Hepatitis -B
|
|
3rd dose
|
|
9 months
|
Measles
|
Measles
|
1st dose
|
|
15 months
|
MMR
|
Measles, Mumps Rubella
|
1st dose
|
|
18-24 months
|
DPT
OPV
|
|
4th dose
6th dose
|
BCG-Bacille Calmette Guerin OPV- Oral Polio Vaccine
- Booster dose for every 5 years
|
Participants