Pre-conceived notions: We judge people before they speak by allowing our opinions and ideas of them come in the way of trying to know what the speaker is saying.
Assumptions: assuming others see situation same as you, has same feelings as you
Status effects: power struggles
Defensiveness: distorted perceptions, guilt, projection, transference, distortions from the past, negative emotions
Distrusted source, erroneous translation, value judgment, state of mind of two people.
Perceptual Biases: People attend to stimuli in the environment in very different ways. We each have shortcuts that we use to organize data. Invariably, these shortcuts introduce some biases into communication. Some of these shortcuts include stereotyping, projection, and self-fulfilling prophecies. Stereotyping is one of the most common. This is when we assume that the other person has certain characteristics based on the group to which they belong without validating that they in fact have these characteristics.
Interpersonal Relationships: How we perceive communication is affected by the past experience with the individual. Perception is also affected by the organizational relationship two people have. For example, communication from a superior may be perceived differently than that from a subordinate or peer.
Participants