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Orientation
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Emphases
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Characteristic Methods
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Assumptions
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Action steps
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Academic
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Transmitting content and increasing understanding
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Lecture Seminar Individual reading
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Content and understanding can be passed on from those who know to those who are ignorant.
Such knowledge and understanding can be translated into practice.
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Building a syllabus to be covered in the programme examination to test retained knowledge and understanding
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Laboratory
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Process of function and change process of learning
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Isolation Free exploration and discussion Experimentation
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It is useful and possible to pay attention to psychological factors of separate attention. Understanding of won and others behaviour helps in job performance.
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Unfreezing participants from their usual expectations and norms.
Helping participants to see and help others to see their own behaviour and develop new habits.
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Activity
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Practice of specific skill
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Work on the job Under supervision. Detailed job Analysis and practice with aids.
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Improvement in particular skill leads to better job performance. Production and training can be combined rather simply
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Analyzing skill and dividing it into parts. Preparing practice tasks, standards and aids.
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Action
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Sufficient skills to ensure Organizational action
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Sufficient skills to ensure organizational
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Working in the field develops people.
Individual skills and organizational needs will fit together.
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Preparation of field programmes.
Participation according to schedule.
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Person development
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Improved individual competence in a wide variety of tasks and situations.
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Improved individual competence in a wide variety of tasks and situations.
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Training in job requirements with emphasis on process will help participants develop general skills and understanding.
Organization will support individuals in using understanding and skills acquired.
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Identifying training needs. Preparing simulated data
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Organization development
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Organizational improvement
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Study of organizational needs work with small groups from the organization.
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Attention to organizational needs as process develops understanding.
Organizational change will result in individual change.
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Survey of organizational needs.
Determining strategic grouping for training. Working on organization requirements.
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Participants