Fish Immunology (1+1)

Unit 12 - Stress and immune response

12.2. Types of stressors
The different types of stressors are
Chemical stressors:

• Poor Water Quality
• Pollution
• Nitrogenous and other metabolic wastes
• Acidification

Biological stressors:

• Over crowding
• Stress by other species of fish
• Pathogenic Microorganisms
• Parasites

Physical stressors:

• Temperature
• Light
• Sounds
• Dissolved oxygen
• Ammonia

Procedural stressors:

• Handling
• Shipping
• Disease Treatments