ANN 111: Principles of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2+1)

SUBSTANCE REDUCING THE SOLUBILITY OR INTERFERING WITH THE UTILIZATION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS

Phytic acid: Phytates are the salts of phytic acid. Phytate forms complexes with mineral elements like zinc, iron, manganese resulting the minerals insoluble in the intestinal tract. Thus their absorption is impaired.	Forms complexes with zinc, iron, manganese; impair their absorption.
Oxalic acid: Oxalic acid (oxalate) poisoning of livestock, household pets and people. Plants that are rich in oxalates include beet, spinach and a number of agro-industrial byproducts used as livestock feed ingredient. Oxalic acids readily forms insoluble salts with calcium and magnesium leading to impaired aborption.	Forms insoluble salts with calcium and magnesium; impair their absorption.
Glucosinolates (Thioglucosides): Their main biological effect is to depress the synthesis of the thyroid hormone (Tryroxine and Triiodothyronine), thus producing goiter. Ruminants appear to be less susceptible to the toxic effect of glucosinolates compared with pigs and poultry. This is probably the result of the glucosinolates being relatively unhydrolysed in the rumen. An adequate supply of iodized salt is a preventive measure specifically in areas where non-ruminants consume goitrogenic substances in a large dose. Glucosinolates are responsible for the pungent flavour found in some cultivated plants belonging to the genus Brassica, which includes cabbage, turnips, rapeseed and mustard seed.	Produces pungent odour. Depress the synthesis of the thyroid hormone. Pig & poultry are more susceptible.
Gossypol: Gossypol pigments are polyphenolic compounds found exclusively in the pigment of cottonseed. It is an antioxidant and polymerization inhibitor. It is toxic to simple-stomached animals and the symptoms include depressed appetite, loss of weight and even lead to death due to cardiac failure. Gossypol toxicity can be reduced by the addition of calcium hydroxide and iron salts. Shearing effect of screw press in expeller process is an efficient gossypol inactivator. Pigs, rabbits, poultry are sensitive.	Antioxidant and polymerization inhibitor. Toxicity can be reduced by the addition of calcium hydroxide; iron salts. Pigs, rabbits, poultry are sensitive.