ANN 111: Principles of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2+1)

SUBSTANCE INACTIVATING OR INCREASING THE REQUIREMENTS OF CERTAIN VITAMINS AND HORMONES

Anti-Vitamin A: Raw soybean contain an enzyme lipoxygenase, which catalysis oxidation of carotene, the precoursor of vitamin A. The enzyme can be destroyed by heating soyabean for 15 minutes with steam at atmospheric pressure.	Lipoxygenase catalysis oxidation of carotene Heating destroys Lipoxygenase.
Anti-Vitamin D: Soy protein (unheated) depresses vitamin D synthesis in chicks and pigs. The effect could be partially eliminated by increasing the vitamin D in the diet by 10 fold or autoclaving the Soy Protein that was isolated from unheated soya bean.	Depresses vitamin D synthesis. Increase Vitamin D supplementation by 10 times or autoclave.
Anti-Vitamin E: Diets containing raw kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) produce muscular dystrophy in lambs by reducing plasma vitamin E. Autoclaving beans eliminates the anti-vitamin activity.	Raw Kidney beans reduces plasma vitE. Autoclaving eliminates the anti-vitamin activity.
Anti-Vitamin K: Dicoumarol produces fatal hemorrhagic condition in cattle called as “Sweet clover disease”. Dicoumarol interferes with the blood clothing mechanism by reducing the prothrombin level of the blood. The effect is due to reducing vitamin K utilization in the production of thrombin.	Dicoumarol interferes with the blood clothing mechanism by reducing vitamin K utilization.
Anti-pyridoxine: An antagonist of pyridoxine (a member of B Vitamins) occurs in linseed which can be reduced by water soaking and autoclaving.
Mimosine: Mimosine found in the plants belonging to the genus Leucaena like subabul is a toxic non-protein free amino acid otherwise chemically similar to tyrosine. Mimosine can cause problems when the forage is eaten in large quantities for a long period. Mimosine is degraded to Dihydroxy pyridone (DHP) in the rumen. DHP reaches thyroid gland and inhibits biosynthesis of the hormone thyroxine. Symptoms include reduced growth, excessive salivation, loss of hair, eroded gums, enlarged thyroid gland and poor reproductive efficiency. Certain strains of rumen microbes at Australia capable of detoxifying mimosine have been identified and are now being inoculated to livestock of other nation to overcome mimosine toxicity. Acceptable safe daily intake of mimosine was calculated to be 0.14% g/kg body weight. Among the various livestock, horses, sheep, pigs and even rabbits are highly sensitive to mimosine and thus subabul should not be fed to them. Ferrous sulphate supplementation also reduce the mimosine toxicity, by forming insoluble red iron complex.	Mimosine as degraded DHP inhibits biosynthesis of thyroxine Reduced growth, loss of hair, enlarged thyroid; poor reproduction. Rumen microbes at Australia capable of detoxifying mimosine are now being inoculated to livestock of other nation to overcome mimosine toxicity. Ferrous sulphate supplementation reduces mimosine toxicity. Horses, sheep, pigs and even rabbits are highly sensitive to mimosine.