VPA 211: General Veterinary Parasitology and Helminthology (3+1)

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Consists of bladder a collecting organ from which number of branched tubes, run out to the parenchyma and they end in flame cells.
• Each flame cell collects the waste products from its surrounding area and discharges into the bladder.
• Bladder opens externally through excretory pore, situated at the posterior extremity of body.
• Flame cells are arranged bilaterally in a definite pattern. These arrangements may be expressed by simple formula known as “flame cell formula”.
• Flame cell formula is important for identification of species.
• Eg. 2[(3+3+3) + (3+3+3)] = 36.