VPE 511: Environment and Environmental Hygiene (2+1)

Sources for Contamination of Surface and Ground Water

RAIN WATER

Main Source Area	Possible Sources
Sewerage Systems	Lack of systems in un sewered areas, slum areas. Leakages and over flow from the sewerage pipelines. Overflow fom deficient pumping sytems. Inadequate sewerage treatment facilities inclusive pipelines and pumping station for treated waste water.
Storm Water	Over flow from drainage with wash out of accumulated waste.
Industrial effuents	Inadequately treated industrial effluents. Leakage and spillages of chemicals. Irrigation water from distilleries and textile plants.
Municipal solid waste	Leachates from inadequate collection facilities, uncontrolled dumping sites and unprotected land fills. Uncontrolled dumping into surface waters and sewers.
Industrial solid wastes inclusive of hazardous wastes.	Leachates from onsite storage, uncontrolled dumping sites and unprotected landfills.
Energy plants	Leachates from coal, cinders and fly ash.
Agriculture	Infiltration of fertilizers and pesticides
Sea water	Over exploitation of ground water, tidles