- Shadow –puppets:
Flat black silhouettes cut from light weight cardboard and shown behind a lighted screen of muslin, paper etc.
- Simple rod-puppets:
Flat cut –out figures tacked to a stick, with one or more movable parts, and operated from below the stage level by wire rods or slender sticks.
- Hand-puppets or Glove:
These are simple to handle. The puppets head is operated on the forefinger of the puppeteer, the little finger and the thumb being used to animate the puppet hands.
- Finger- puppets:
Small fingers made to fit onto the hand. The index and third fingers from the legs of the puppet.
- Hand and rod puppets:
These are a development of the hand –puppet, but have longer arms, articulated at the shoulder and elbow and operated by rods. Completely articulated bodies can also be used.
- Rod –puppets:
There are many types of rod-puppets, some of them fully articulated and operated from below the stage by a combination of rods and strings which make them excellent actors.
- Marionettes or string puppets:
Operated from above by means of strings. They may be quite simple, or very complex. In general there are more difficult to make and operate than the other types
- Psychodrama, Socio-drama, Role-playing
Psychodrama is a spontaneous drama concerning an individual and his inner conflicts. The individual himself is both playwright and actor. Its educational uses generally apply in guidance and counseling.
- Socio-drama:
It is unprepared, unrehearsed dramatization dealing with some problem in social relations. Thus it is more generalized and less personal than psychodrama.
Steps in socio-drama:
- Select the situation
- Select the role-players
- Prepare the players and their audience
- Begin the acting
- Follow up the acting
- Role-playing:
It includes some aspects of both psychodrama and socio-drama but the emphasis is on the role, where in socio-drama the emphasis is on the problem. The individual may play the part of himself or take a familiar role that is normally taken by someone else or he may try a new or unfamiliar role. This form of unrehearsed, unprepared dramatization is especially effective when the role has an immediate carry-over into real –life situations. Role –playing has many uses in teaching, from conveying information and developing specific skills to stimulating participation and preparing for future situations.
It is one of the highly participation oriented. Every student is involved and absorbed in the session. In this method some of the students assume the role of various characters and enact the real like situation, as it is done in a drama. After the acting is over, there is a discussion about the roles, functions, strong and weak points, merits and demerits of the situation, commissions and omission of the characters, applications and criticisms of the roles, causes of the situations, decisions and solutions about the happenings and the final conclusions.
The entire role play technique based on human interactions, individual and group behaviour and psycho dynamics, communication process, perception, differences, imagination and creative abilities and judgment. The role play for the session should be carefully designed by the trainer. Trainer should not “overdo” or “exaggerate” in the role play.
Participants