Irrigation Engineering

LESSON 10 Pipe Orifice, Water Meter and Propeller Meter

Fig. 10.1. Orifice plate.

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orifice_plate  accesses on 05/06/2012 and Bansal, 2005)

 

10.1.2 Description

It consists of a flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edged hole called orifice, which is concentric with the pipe. The orifice diameter is kept generally 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe, though it may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter. 

10.1.3 Principle of Operation

The fluid on reaching the orifice plate converges to pass through the small hole and in doing so the velocity and pressure changes. The point of maximum contraction is called the vena contracta. Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation. 

The value of discharge Q through the pipe is given by the following equation:                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                 ...... (10.1)

 

Where,

a₁ = area of pipe at section 1

a₀ = area of orifice

h = differential head

g = acceleration due to gravity

 c_d= co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter. 

The coefficient of discharge for orifice meter is much smaller than that of venture meter. 

Merits:

-   Simple in construction.

-   Installation is cheaper. 

Demerit:

-  Measurement of flow is not accurate as compared to venturimeter.

 

Example10.1:

An orifice meter with an orifice diameter 10 cm is inserted in a pipe of diameter of 30 cm diameter. The pressure gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter give readings of 25.524 N/cm² and 19.62 N/cm² respectively. Coefficient of discharge is given as 0.6 for the pipe. Find the discharge through the pipe.

Solution:

Given, diameter of orifice, = 10 cm

∴ Area of orifice, 

Diameter of pipe, d₁ = 20 cm

∴ Area of orifice, 

 

Similarly, 

5 m of water = 500 cm of water

_Cd = 0.6 

Calculating the discharge using equation (10.1)

 

10.2 Water Meter

10.2.1 Definition

A water meter is a scientific instrument for accurate measurement of quantity of water distributed to the consumers. A typical water meter is shown in Fig. 5.

10.2.2 Description

There are two basic requirements for accurate operation of the water meter: (1) the pipe must flow full at all time, and (2) the rate of flow must exceed the minimum for the rated range. Meters are calibrated in the factory and field adjustments are usually not required. When water meters are installed in open channels, the flow must be brought through a pipe of known cross sectional area.

 

Fig.10.2.Water meter.(Source:wikipedia  accessed on 05/06/2012)

 

 

10.2.3 Type

Three basic type of water meters are:

a) Low pressure line water meter: They are used in underground pipe line water distribution system.

b) Open flow meters: They are used to measure the flow in open channels or gravity-flow in closed conduit system.

c) Vertical flow meter: They are used to measure flow in vertical pipes.

 

Merit:

-      Mainly applied flow in pipeline.

 

Demerit:

-      Costly device.

 

10.3 Propeller Meter

10.3.1 Definition

Propeller meters (mechanical meter) are commercial flow measuring devices used at the ends of pipes and in conduits flowing full and under pressure. 

10.3.2 Description

Propeller meters uses multiple blades made of rubber, plastic, or metal. The main parts of the flow meter consist of a propeller (A) mounted in a short section of pipe and geared to a revolution counter (B) which records the rate of flow and the cumulative total. A typical propeller meter is shown in Fig.10.3.

Fig.10.3. Propeller meter inside pipe.

(Source: http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A102.pdf accessed on 05/06/2012)

 

10.3.3 Principle of Operation

Flow meter measures velocity of flow by the water turning the propeller as it passes by, and the area is determined from the size of the pipe. The dial of the meter then reads directly in volume (m³, gallon, liters etc). Rate of flow (i.e.,liter per second) is then obtained by simply noting the rate of flow on the dial for any given length of time as measured by a watch.

The meters are available for a range of pipe diameters from 5 to 183 cm. They are normally designed for water flow velocities up to 5.18 meter per second (m/s). Propeller meters should be selected to operate near the middle of their design discharge range. This equipment can be a problem in existing irrigation systems with oversized pipes relative to delivery needs. Sections of the oversized pipe may need to be replaced with smaller pipes to provide enough velocity and approach pipeline length to allow development of velocity profiles.

Propellers are designed to pass (to some degree) weeds, moss, and other debris, only a limited amount of foreign material that can be tolerated in the flow. Even moderate amounts of floating moss or weeds can foul a propeller unless it is protected by screens.

Merit

-  Takes accurate measurement 

Demerit

-   Expensive

 

 References

Bansal, R. K(2005).A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Laxmi Publications,New Delhi.

Michael, A.M.(2009).Irrigation Theory and Practice,VIKAS publishing house Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Subramanya, K.(2009). Flow in Open Channel, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,New Delhi.

 

Internet References

http://www.windowoutdoors.com/Teaching/Hydraulics/Walton%20Class%20Notes/Ch.%206.pdf

http://www.saiplatform.org/uploads/Library/336-TB03Metricsforimproving

watermanagementinagriculture.pdf

http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/chap14_04.html

http://udel.edu/~inamdar/EGTE215/Open_channel.pdf

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Hydraulics/pdfs/Unit2/2_29.pdf

http://www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/flow_meters/Venturi_meter.html accessed on 20th June, 2013.

 

Suggested Readings

Bansal, R. K. (2005).A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Laxmi Publications,New Delhi.

Michael, A.M.(2009).Irrigation Theory and Practice,VIKAS publishing house pvt. Ltd.

Subramanya K.(2009). Flow in Open Channel, Tata McGraw-Hill Education.