Necrosis of epithelial cells resulting in energy deficit and ischemia
Inhibition of / or competition with enzymes like cholinesterase
Interference with body metabolism or synthesis like uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis and interference with fat mobilization
Functional effects on the nervous system like enhanced reflexes, change in permeability of nerve cell membranes to ions and inhibition of enzymes
Lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems like neuronal necrosis, demyelination and impaired transport within the axon itself
Injury to the blood and vascular system like hypoplasia and aplasia of cellular components, reduced synthesis of haemoglobin, formation of methhaemoglobin, oxidative denaturation of haemoglobin, formation of carboxyhaemoglobin and coagulopathy
Exposure of agents with actions similar to normal metabolites or nutrients
Immunosuppression
Developmental effects
Carcinogenesis
In the normal drug action when a ligand binds with the receptor a positive response is produced. Sometimes a toxicant inactivates a receptor and by inactivation of the receptor, no response is elicited when a ligand binds with the receptor. This is shown as toxicant A action. In other instances, a toxicant competes with the ligand for the same receptor site, and when the toxicant occupies the receptor, it prevents the ligand from binding and thereby no response is produced. This is exhibited in toxicant B action.
Participants