HAEMOPOIETIC DISEASE IN FARM ANIMALS
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Etiology
Clinical findings
- Generally
- Mucosal and cutaneous pretechiation
- Spontaneous bleeding into cavities, tissues
- Excessive bleeding from injuries, after sugery
- Signs of anemia, hemorrhagic blood loss
- External blood losses via hermatemesis, melena, hematochezia, dysentery, epistaxis, hermoptysis, hermaturia
- Other specific organ involvement, e.g rental cortical necrosis, acute renal failure in horses
- Clinical signs associated with bleeding from specific sites dealt with under hemorrhagic blood loss.
Clinical pathology
- Thromobocytopenia, or
- Deficit of one or more coagulation factors, or
- Prolonged prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times
- The clinical pathology of hemorrhagic anemia
- Blood in paracentesis samples or excretions, secretions
DIC
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Subclinical cases can only be detected by these examinations; early detection requires frequent monitoring in hazardous situations.
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Diagnostic clinicpathological pattern include:
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Erythrocyte distortion, fragmentation
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Hypofibrinogenemia (not always in horses)
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Abnormal prothrombin ( or activated partial thromboplastin time)
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Fibrin degradation products present
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Thrombocytopenia
Diagnosis
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Differentiation between causes of hemorrhagic anemia or excessive bleeding as listed under etiology, dependent on clinical patholoty, detection of poisons in environment, history of repeated attacks , cases in related animals.
Treatment
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Principal objective is treatment of primary disease
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Response in terms of existing extravasations poor
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Antihistamines in allergies
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Corticosteroids in auto-immune disease
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Epinephrine on a pad applied locally, including nasal mucosa
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Parental coagulation used extensively, often without effect if endothelial damage already present
DIC
- Active therapy of primary disease, especially toxemia
- Intravenous fluid and electrolyte therapy to ensure proper tissue perfusion
- Blood transfusion
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