Veterinary Clinical Medicine-I (General and Systemic)

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

CBC/Biochemistry/Urinalysis

• Normal or high PCV, variable leukocytosis, and lymphopenia
• Elevated BUN, creatinine, and phosphate;
• Variably high potassium and glucose; and
• Variably low bicarbonate and calcium
• Inability to concentrate urine ( SG 1.020),
• Mild-to-moderate proteinuria, glucosuria; variably high number of casts, WBCs, RBCs, and tubular epithelial cells; variable bacteriuria and crystalluria (calcium oxalate)

Other laboratory tests

• NAG ase
• Leptospirosis titer—  1:3200 or rising if patient infected
• Ethylene glycol concentration—positive if patient poisoned
• Routine and contrast radiography—kidneys are normal to large, with smooth contours.
• Ultrasonography—hyperechoic kidneys suggest ethylene glycol toxicity. 
• Catheterize to monitor urine output—helps establish the diagnosis and formulates treatment and prognosis: anuria, < 0.1 mL/kg/h; oliguria,  <  0.25 mL/kg/h; nonoliguria, > 2 mL/kg/h
• Percutaneous renal biopsy