Haemorrhage in farm animals
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HAEMORRHAGE IN FARM ANIMALS
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Etiology - Primary excessive bleeding
- Cattle
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Pulmonary hemorrhage in caudal vena caval syndrome
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Abomasal ulcer; some related to bovine viral leukoSis
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Enzootic hematuria
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Pyelonephritis
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Ruptured middle uterine artery during uterine prolapse
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Cardiac perforation, aorta, atrium rupture
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Intraluminal bleeding due to intestinal ulcer, hematoma
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Juvenile angiomata
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Horse
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Nasal bleeding at rest from guttural pouch mycosis
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Ethomoidal hematoma
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Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
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Uterine artery rupture during foaling
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Mesentric artery rupture secondary to verminous arteritis
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Splenic hematoma, hemangioma, haemangiosarcoma
- Ulceration varicose veins in dorsal vaginal wall
- Congential venous aneurysm
- Pig
- Esophagogastric ulcer
- Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy
- Congential umbilical bleeding
- Secondary excessive bleeding;
- Hemorrhagic disease
Clinical findings
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Visible blood loss in many cases
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Blood in secretions or excretions may be visible only if complete clinical examination carried out
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Mucosal pallor
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Weak, staggery gait, recumbency
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Tachycardia
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Cold extremities
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Respiration deep, not seriously dyspnetic
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Dull, depressed
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Coma, death in lateral recumbency
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Localizing signs in hemothorax, hemopericardium, umbilical bleeding, pulmonary hemorrhage, abomasal ulcer
Clinical pathology
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Erythrocyte count, hematocrit, haemoglobin count, serum protein level depressed ; degree dependent on efficiency of compensatory back up; after 4 days evidence of regeneration
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Paracentesis for identification of intracavity haemorrhage
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Special rests in cases of suspected hemorrhagic disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
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Correction of cause of blood loss
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If PCV less than 12% give blood transfusion (using 10 ml 0.85 sodium citrate solution per 100 ml of blood as anticoagulation); 10-15 ml/kg is adequate for survival; chances of an incompatibility reaction are very small unless transfusions repeated
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If PCV>12 and less than 20% represents hypovolemia and fluid therapy (40-80ml/ kg of isotonic saline) advisable. Small volumes 3-5ml /kg hypertonic (7.2% sodium chloride) solutions also used
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Frequent monitoring of blood parameters when PCV <20%
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Last modified: Tuesday, 5 June 2012, 12:58 PM