Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (1+1)

1.1.4.1. Other significant events

6000B.C- Bread making (involving yeast fermentation)

1857AD- Pasteur proves that yeasts are living cells that cause alcohol fermentation

1928– Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin from Penicillium notatum

1953-DNA structure and function elucidated

1970-Smith et al. report restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus influenzae that recognizes specific DNA target sequence s

1972- Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent ( Ghent , Belgium ) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene : the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein .

1973- Tong et al. injected mRNA and rRNA from mature eggs of crucian carp and common carp into newly fertilized crucian carp eggs, in order to induce character variation in goldfish.

1973- Tong and Niu, transplantednuclei between gold fish (Carassiusauratus) and Rhodeus sinensis forthe purpose of studying the developmental variations between the integratednuclei and the pure heterologous nuclei, and the effects of cytoplasm on thenucleus.

1974- Parker defined probiotics are “organisms and substances which contributeto intestinal microbial balance”.

1976 - Walter Fiers andhis team determine the complete nucleotide -sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA

1975-Kohler and Milstein report monoclonal antibodies

1977- DNA is sequenced forthe first time by Fred Sanger , Walter Gilbert , and Allan Maxam workingindependently. Sanger's lab sequence theentire genome of bacteriophage Φ-X174 .

1979- Paulien Hogeweg coined the term bioinformatics for the study of informatic processesin biotic systems.

1980 - Gordon etal. revolutionized the procedure for producing transgenic animals based onthe microinjection of clone d DNA into the pronucleus of fertilized eggs at theone-cell stage.

1982 - Induced the first viable tetraploid fish, rainbow trout

1982-Palmiter et al., produced firsttransgenic mouse; rat gene transfer red to mouse

1983 - Kary B. Mullis discoversthe polymerase chainreaction enabling theeasy amplification of DNA

1984-Transgenic pig, rabbit, and sheep by microinjection of foreign DNA into eggnuclei

1984- Maclean and Talwar reported microinjection of cloned DNA intorainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)eggs.

1985-First transgenic fish was produced, Zhu produced transgenic goldfish

1986 - Fletcher et al.,showed that AFP injection to seawater-acclimatized rainbow trout lowered thefreezing point of the whole fish in proportion to the circulating anti-freezeprotein concentration.

1986- Chen et al.transplanted cell nuclei from a grass carp blastula cell line intounfertilized, enucleated eggs of crucian carp, thus creating the first "test-tube fish".

1989-The human gene that encodes the CFTR proteinwas sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui . Defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis

Human Genome Project started

1990- Shujian et al. transplanted cell nuclei of themutant cell line (AHZC- 88), which

was resistant to the grass carphemorrhagic virus, into unfertilized grass carp eggs

using electric fusion, and raisedthree of the fish to the fry stage.

1995-The genome of Haemophilusinfluenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced.

1996- Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryote genomesequence to be released.

1998-The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans , is released.

1999- Zhiyuan Gong et al., at the National University of Singapore produced transgenic Zebrafish by inserting a gene called green fluorescent protein (GFP), originally extracted from a jellyfish , that naturally produced brightgreen bioluminescence .

2001-First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics .

2003- Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genomesequenced to a 99.99% accuracy .

2003- Gong et al., developed transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) for ornamental andbioreactor system by strong expression of fluorescent proteins in the skeletalmuscle.