Special Veterinary Pathology

Materials to be collected for disease diagnois

MATERIALS TO BE COLLECTED FOR DISEASE DIAGNOSIS

S.NO.	NAME OF THE DISEASE AND ETIOLOGY	LESIONS	MATERIALS TO BE COLLECTED FOR DIAGNOSIS
1	Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)	Discharge of tarry blood from natural orifices, blood fails to clot, bloat, splenomegaly and subcutaneous gelatinous edematous swelling in the throat	Blood smears from the ear or tail vein; smears of oedematous fluid from the swelling in throat/abdomen (pigs, horses). Swab of blood / exudate from throat swelling. Blood from jugular and caudal vein in tubes/strips wetted with blood –transit requires no preservative. Muzzle dried in shade for biological test- Putrefied case; piece of ear or muzzle in boric acid.
2	Black quarter (Clostridium chauvoei)	Affected area (thigh) skin stiff and black, foul smelling serosanguineous exudate oozes from the affected quarter on incision; muscle is torn, black and contain air bubbles.	Smears of the exudate from thigh. Piece of affected muscle in sterile container on ice and in 10% formalin. Piece of muscle dried in shade and send in sterile container.
3	Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida)	Petechiae on organs, throat swelling (due to edema), submucosal haemorrhage in the trachea and bronchi and Lungs- pneumonic.	Blood smear or smear from edematous fluid fixed in methanol. Heart blood swab in sterile tubes containing transport medium or on ice. Small pieces of lung and spleen in sterile container on ice. Long bone if the animal is dead long before. Histopathological examination (HPE): Pieces of lung, liver, spleen, kidney and heart in 10% formal saline.
4	Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis M. avium M. tuberculosis )	Nodules of varying sizes in different organs - mostly in lungs, pleura and peritoneum (pearls) and having caseous material or hard and gritty caseocalcarious material (Calcification)	Teased impression smear from the inner surface of the tuberculous lesions and the smears are fixed by heat Swabs of pus from lesions Pieces of affected organs in 10% formal saline along with lymph nodes Tuberculous mastitis: Milk from affected quarter in sterile containers.
5	Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis)	Corrugations in the intestine Mesenteric lymph nodes swollen and juicy	Bowel washings in a sterile bottle Smears of mucosa pinched from rectum Affected piece of intestine and mesenteric lymph glands in 10% formalin.
6	Enterotoxaemia (Clostridium perfringens type D)	Petechiae or ecchymoses in the epicardium and endocardium, serous surface of the intestine/diaphragm and thymus, hydropericardium, catarrhal gastroenteritis with distension, “Pulpy Kidney”, focal malacia of brain.	Heat fixed impression smear from the affected intestinal mucosa; Contents from small intestine preserved with 3 to 4 drops of chloroform and 12’’ loop of small intestine preserved in chloroform or in ice; HPE: Liver, lung, spleen, kidney, heart, stomach and intestine and other organs showing lesion in 10% formalin.
7	Actinobacillosis (Actinobacillus lignieresi)	Tongue Swollen, hard and with nodules like “Wooden tongue”. Pus contains “Sulphur granule like” contents (collection of organisms).	Smears of pus from deeper portion of the lesions - heat fixed; Pus in sterile tubes, small pieces of affected tissue in 10% formalin.
8	Actinomycosis (Actinomyces bovis)	Granulomatous lesion of mandibular bones (abscess) purulent ostemomyelitis “Lumpy jaw”. Pus contains “Sulphur granule like” contents (collection of organisms).	Smears of pus from deeper portion of the lesions - heat fixed; Pus in sterile tubes , small pieces of affected tissue in 10% formalin.
9	Strangles (Streptococcus equi)	Purulent inflammation of upper respiratory tract; Abscesses in submaxillary and pharyngeal lymph nodes.	Smears and swabs from pus and discharges from nasal cavity; Pieces of affected lymph nodes, lung, spleen and trachea in 10% formalin.
10	Glanders (Pseudomonos mallei)	Ulcers in the nasal cavity, granulomas in lungs, abscesses in supeficial lymph nodes; skin form “Farcy”: enlarged lymphatics “cords” and nodular abscesses“buds”.	Swab from the pus in the lesions; Pieces of lungs and superficial lymph nodes in 10% formalin. Smears from discharge
11	Colibacillosis (Escherichia coli)	Fibrinous pericarditis, Fibrinous perihepatitis.	Intestinal content in 3” ligated loop of intestine showing lesions, heart blood, mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney and gall baldder on ice for cultural isolation.
12	Salmonellosis (Salmonella sp.)	Septicaemic lesion	Intestinal content in 3” ligated loop of intestine showing lesions, heart blood, mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney and gall baldder on ice for cultural isolation. Vaginal swab on ice in cases of abortion.
13	Botryomycosis (Staphylococcus aureus)	Abscesses on shoulders, sternum or spermatic cord discharging pus through sinuses; mastitis	Smears of pus. Swabs of pus for cultural examination.
14	Leptospirosis (Leptospira canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagica )	Icterus and haemorrhages in visceral organs.	Organs having lesions- liver and kidney in 10% formalin. Milk or urine in sterile vials- Add one drop of formalin to 20 ml. Blood in sterile vials.
15	Foot and mouth disease (Picorna virus)	Vesicles/ulcers in buccal mucosa and on the gum, dental pad, tongue, forestomach, interdigital spaces, teat and Udder. Greyish streaks on myocardium	Vesicles (preferred ), necrosed tongue and heart in phosphate buffered glycerine. 1g of tissue from an unruptured vesicle in transport medium (Equal amounts of glycerol and 0.04M phosphate buffer pH 7.2-7.6. HP:Affected parts including intestine and heart in 10% formalin.
16	Vesicular exanthema	Vesicles on snout, nose, tongue, lips, gums, interdigital space, dew claws, coronary bands and teats.	As for FMD
17	Vesicular stomatitis	Vesicles on oral mucosa and teats of cows	As for FMD
18	Rinderpest (Morbillivirus)	Shallow non-hameorrahigc necrosis whitish, necrotic epithelium of gum, tongue, cheeks and hard palate; abomasum-highly congested, grey discoloration of peyer’s patches-lymphoid necrosis. Streaks of mucosal haemorrhage - “zebra marking” in the caecum, colon and rectum.	Pieces of Pieces of spleen, prescapular or mesenteric lymph nodes and tonsillar tissue in sterile capped vials chilled to sub-zero temperature and in 10% formalin for HPE (include alimentary, respiratory and urogenital tract for HPE) Impression smears from the organs fixed in acetone (Chilled at 4o C for 30 minutes)
19	Peste des petits ruminants- PPR (Morbillivirus)	Lesions similar to rinderpest; zebra markings in the large intestine; Bronchopneumomia.	As above and bronchial lymph nodes, large intestine and lungs on ice and in 10% formalin
20	Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-IBRT ( Herpes virus type -I)	Inflammation of upper respiratory tract, pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis and abortion in late pregnancy.	Swabs (gauze) from nasal and vaginal mucosa sent in 2ml of transport medium containing Earl’s solution on ice. Preputial wash with isotonic saline. Affected trachea and turbinate bone in 10% formalin.
21	Blue tongue (Orbivirus)	Haemorrhage at the base of pulmonary artery and aorta (pathognomonic). Necrosis of papillary muscles of left ventricle, cyanotic tongue, congestion in the coronet region; Inflammation, cyanosis and ulceration of mucous membrane, laminitis, sloughing of hoof, myositis and edema of head.	Liver, red bone narrow, spleen, selected lymph nodes and brain on ice. Dry ice should not be used. Spleen and heart blood in OPG (potassium oxalate 5g, phenol 5g, glycerine 500ml, distilled water 500ml) Left ventricle, pulmonary artery and aorta in 10% formalin.
22	Pox (Pox virus)	Pox lesions (vesicles, pustules and scabs) Cow-udder and teat; sheep in face, underneath the tail, udder, teat.	Scabs in 50% glycerine or unpreserved and in 10% formalin. Sheep and Goat: Skin or lung lesions minced and equal amount of transport medium (Hank’s BSS or PBS containing penicillin 500 IU/ml, streptomycin sulphate 5mg/ml and mycostatin 50 U/ml) kept at 25o C for 1 hour.
23	Contagious ecthyma	Papules, vesicles and pustules on skin, corners of mouth and lips.	Papular lesions in 50% glycerol saline
24	Scrapie	No gross lesion	Brain in 10% formalin
25	Swine fever (Pestivirus)	Purple discolouration of ears, abdomen and inner thighs, splenic infarct “Button ulcers” in the caecal mucosa, “Turkey egg appearance” of kidney (petechiae), Brain congested.	Heart blood, Pieces of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney and brain on ice and in 10% formalin. Serum from affected or ailing animals
26	Rabies (Lyssa virus)	No gross lesions. Symptoms of excessive salivation, paralysis, dropped jaw, change of behaviour and voice and madness.	Impression smears from Hippocampus major of brain / cerebellum fixed in methanol (10 seconds); Brain-one half in 10% formalin or Zenker’s solution, other half in 50% glycerol saline.
27	Canine distemper (Morbillivirus)	Nasal discharge, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, vesiculo-pustules on ventral side of the abdomen, hyperkeratosis of digital pad.	Trachea, lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, skin, stomach wall, kidney, urinary bladder, brain and liver in 10% formalin; nasal discharge in 50% formalin.
28	Infectious canine hepatitis – ICH (Adenovirus)	Enlargement of lymph nodes, haemorrahges in many organs, hepatitis, thickening of gall bladder mucosa, splenomegaly.	Liver, gall bladder, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes in 10% formalin.
29	African horse sickness (Orbivirus)	Hydrothorax, pneumonia, hydropericardium, myocardial necrosis, gastroenteritis.	Pleural and pericardial fluid, heart blood and serum. Affected lung, kidney, spleen, lymph glands in 50% glycerol-saline or on ice and in 10% formalin.
30	Equine encephalomyelitis (Alphavirus)	Encephalomyelitis	Brain and spinal cord in 50% glycerol saline and in 10% formalin.
31	Theileriosis (Theileria annulata in cattle T. hirci in goat T. ovis in sheep)	Enlargement of lymph nodes, pulmonary edema and emphysema, petechiae and ulcers in the mucosa of abomasum, Koch”s blue bodies in the lymphocytes.	Smears from lymph nodes and peripheral blood smear, abomasal ulcer impression smear fixed in methanol. Internal organs and mesenteric lymph nodes in 10% formalin.
32	Babesiosis (Babesia bigemina, B.bovis, B.canis, B.equi)	Icterus, low viscosity of blood, enlargement of liver and spleen, gastroenteritis, edematous lung, urinary bladder contains red or coffee colour urine.	Peripheral blood smear (thick), impression smears (thin) from heart blood, brain, kidney, liver, spleen, lungs, kidney and blood retained in blood vessels fixed in methanol. Affected organs in 10% formalin.
33	Trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma evansi)	Watery thin blood, pale icteric tissues, enlarged turgid spleen, cachexia with serous atrophy of fat, generalised edema and lymphnode enlargement, bronchopneumonia, flabby heart, enlargement of liver and kidneys, bone marrow-red(Haemopoietic tissue is hyperplastic), urticaria, petechiae on serous membranes.	Peripheral blood smear (thick) and lymph node impression smears. Pieces of organ with lesion in 10% formalin
34	Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A.ovis )	Anaemia and icterus	Smears from internal organs liver, kidney, heart, lungs and brain and blood retained in peripheral vessel.
35	Dermatomycosis (Microsporum and Trichophyton)	Circular or irregularly shaped, scaly to crusty patches or alopecia or broken hairs, patches may coalesce to form large patches.	Skin scrappings from the periphery of the lesion along with some hair roots in tightly stoppered bottle.
36	Ectoparasites (Ticks , lice, fleas)	Unthriftiness, anaemia, hide damage, require heavy infestation to produce the disease.	Parasites in bottle with a few strips of paper. Close the moutht with cotton or gauze and tie it. Parasites may be preserved in 10% formalin or in 70% alcohol.
37	Scabies / Mange (Demodex folliculorum, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, )	Erythema, alopecia,. scales and crusting,secondary pyodermas, macule, papule, thickening of skin.	Deep skin scrappings in tightly stoppered bottle and also in 10% formalin or 70% alcohol.
38	Endoparasites (Nematode, Cestode and Trematode)	Poor weight gain, unthriftiness, anaemia, edema(intermandibular, ascites).Congestion and haemorrhage on the stomach and intestinal mucosa, presence of worms, “Milk spots” in the liver, flukes in the bile ducts of liver, granulomas in esophagus in spirocercosis.	Granuloma, worms (flatten the trematodes and cestodes between slides before fixing ) in 5% formalin. Faecal sample in 5% formal saline.
39	Aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus)	Yellowish-white plaques or nodules in lung and air sac (granulomas)	Pulmonary nodules on ice and in 10% formalin.
40	Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.)	Ballooning up of intestine or caeca, red and white spots seen in the serosal surface or intestine, with porridge like contents mixed with blood, fibrin, dead cells and parasites.	Intestinal, caecal and rectal scrapping and contents in 2% potassium dichromate. Affected organs in 10% formalin.
41	Colibacillosis	Fibrinous pericarditis, fibrinous perihepatitis.	Intestinal content in 3” ligated loop of intestine showing lesions, heart blood, mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney and gall baldder on ice for cultural isolation.
42	Salmonellosis		Intestinal content in 3” ligated loop of intestine showing lesions, heart blood, mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney and gall baldder on ice for cultural isolation. Vaginal swab on ice in cases of abortion.
43	Aflatoxicosis (Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus)	Liver-enlarged, Pale or yellowish in acute cases; hard in consistency in chronic cases.	Liver piece in 10% formalin. Collect 500g of feed samples for aflatoxin estimation.