It includes the conservation of species outside its natural habitat in a carefully controlled situation such as a botanical garden for plants or a zoological park for animals, where there is expertise to multiply the species under artificially-managed conditions. Eg: Zoos, botanical gardens, culture collections, genetic resource centres etc. These breeding programs are more expensive than managing a PA. There is another form of preserving a plant by preserving its germplasm in a gene bank so that it can be used if needed in future. This is even more expensive. Germplasm is stored as seeds, plant embryos, pollen, in vitro cult, and DNA in test tubes.
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