Aquaculture Engineering (2+1)

Unit 1- Surveying

Classification of surveying

Classification based upon the nature of the field of survey

• Land surveying
• Marine or Hydrographic surveying
• Astronomical surveying

Land surveying:
Land surveying is subdivided into three types.

• Topographical surveying: This consists of horizontal and vertical location of certain points by linear and angular measurement and is made to determine the natural features of a country such as rivers, streams, lakes, hills etc., and such artificial features as roads, railways, canals, towns and villages.

• Cadastral surveys: Cadastral surveys are made incident to the fixing of property lines, the calculation of land, area or the transfer of land property from one owner to another. They are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities, state and federal jurisdictions.

• City surveying: This survey is useful in the construction of streets, water supply system, sewers and other works.

Marine or Hydrographic survey:
This survey deals with bodies of water for purpose of navigation, water supply, harbor works or for the determination of mean sea level. The work consists in measurement of discharge of streams, making topographic survey of shores and banks, taking and locating soundings to determine the depth of water and observing the fluctuations of the ocean tide.

Astronomical survey:
Astronomical survey is to determining the absolute locations of any point or the absolute location and direction of any line in the surface of the earth.This consists in observations to the heavenly bodies such as the sun or any fixed star.