VPP 322: Aquatic Animal Diseases, Health Care and Management (1+1)

VITAMIN DEFICIENCY SIGNS IN FISHES

Vitamins	Deficiency signs
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)	Anorexia, poor growth, cloudy lens, snout erosion, spinal deformities, increased mortality rate, severe fin erosion, fin haemorrhage, rapid opercular movement, light or dark pigmentation, photophobia, incoordination, lethargy, anaemia, pale gills and liver, sluggishness, nervous symptoms, dwarfism, cataract.
Pantothenic acid	Anorexia, reduced growth, gill necrosis/clubbing, mucous covered gills, fragile fins, oedema,eroded barbels, swelling at base of pectoral fins, pale gills and liver, slight exophthalmia, abnormal swimming.
Niacin (Nicotinic acid)	Anorexia, poor growth, dark colouration, erratic swimming, muscle spasms while resting susceptibility to sunburns, high mortality, deformed jaws, exophthalmia
Biotin	Lesion in the colon, muscle atrophy, convulsions
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)	Anorexia, poor growth, nervous disorders, increased sensitivity to shock by physical blow to container or from light flashes, ataxia, trunk winding syndrome, fin haemorrrhage, post handling shock, mortality.
Folic acid	Anaemia, poor growth, anorexia, lethargy, dark coloration, pale gills, exophthalmia, distended abdomen with ascites fluid, low haematocrit
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)	Nervous disorders, hyperirritability, anorexia, rapid onset of rigor mortis, ataxia, oedema of peritoneal cavity anaemia, nervous disorders, opercula extension, blue-green colouration of dorsal surface, eroded fins and lower jaw lesions of lower lip, convulsions, reduced food conversion
Ascorbic acid(Vitamin  C)	Reduced growth, impaired collagen formation, scoliosis, lordosis, internal /fin haemorrhage, distorted/twisted gill filaments, reduced egg hatchability, exophthalmia, hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, renal granuloma, short snout, fatty degeneration of liver, muscle degeneration, skin haemorrhage, scale loss, scoliosis (vertebral column fractures), emaciation, blindness
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)	Anorexia, reduced growth, microcytic hypochromic anaemia, fragmented erythrocytes, poor feed efficiency, low haematocrit, megaloblastic anaemia
Inositol (Myo-inositol)	Reduced growth, distended abdomen, increased gastric emptying time, haemorrhage, loss of skin mucosa.
Choline	Reduced growth, fatty liver, poor feed efficiency, haemorrhagic kidney and intestine, enlarged liver, grey –white intestine
Vitamin A (Retinol)	Exophthalmia, clouding and thickening of corneal epithelium, reduced growth.
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)	Tetany, reduced growth and feed efficiency
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)	Reduced growth, muscular dystrophy, poor feed efficiency, anorexia, anaemia
Vitamin K3 (Menadione)	Increased blood clotting time, anemia, haemorrhages in gills, eyes and vascular tissue.