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Layout the exterior and interior walls very lightly (Figure – 2) as these can be darkened as thick lines later after all details have been located. Exterior and interior walls are drawn with thick dark lines. All other details such as stairs, doors, cabinets and dimensions are drawn with thin dark lines.
The following is the procedure for laying out and finishing a floor plan. Since many walls are the same width, set a dividers on the width and mark them. This is much faster than measuring each one. The wall sizes will vary with the design. It is a matter of deciding how each wall is to be constructed and adding the thickness of the materials. Typical sizes are:
| Brick, 2 courses -
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8”
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| Brick, 2 courses & air space -
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9” – 10”
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| Brick, 3 courses -
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12”
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| Concrete block -
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8”, 10”, 12”
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| Metal stud walls -
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2 ½ “, 3 5/8”, 4”, 6”, 8”
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| Pre cast concrete -
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3” slab
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Draw doors & windows:
Now draw the doors & windows using the proper symbols (Figure – 3) . These are drawn with thin, dark lines. The selection of the style of the window is an important feature of the exterior design as well as meeting code requirement for natural light and ventilation. As you locate doors, consider the traffic pattern in the building and the location of the other doors, furniture and door swing. The location of bathroom fixtures must among other things leave room for the door to swing into the room. It is best if a swinging door can stand open again a partition.
When selecting windows and doors, record the information you will need for the door and window schedule. This includes unit size, rough opening and any special features so that you will not have to find the information about the windows again. Exterior doors in residential construction range from 2’6” x 6’8” to 3’4” x 8’0”. Interior doors range from 1’6” to 3’4” in width & 6’0” to 7’0” high. Standard sizes for commercial construction vary widely.
Draw the details:
Now add other details using thin, black lines. This includes things such as stairs, cabinets, appliances, bathroom fixtures, counters etc. a stain detail will show a top view of the stair. (Figure – 4) Draw surrounding walls or railings, treads and handrails. Then using an arrow indicates if the stair is running up to a floor above up or down to a floor below. The tread and riser information is recorded on the arrow, or in a clear area beside the stair. The width of the stair, tread and riser sizes, and landing sizes are regulated by codes.
The layout of bathrooms and restrooms must meet standards for space utilization .while planning the other features such as mirrors, soap dishes, towel racks, toilet paper holders, paper towel dispensers, waste containers, soap dispensers, electrical outlets for hairdryers, electrical shaving and toothbrushes are also necessary. If natural ventilation is not possible, locate a mechanical exhaust fan.
Kitchen planning involves the arranging of cabinets and appliances to handle the three major activities – storage, food preparation & clean up & cooking. The planning of the kitchen can produce many different arrangements. Typical solutions include - ___, U – shape, L – shape & I – shape kitchens. Follow the basic design considerations when planning kitchens. Use appropriate symbols to show different features.
In some plans a variety of built – in units, as book shelves, counters and display cabinets. These are shown on the floor plan as simple line drawings shown from the top. They are identified with a note and a symbol giving their elevation identification letter and the number of the sheet upon which it was drawn.
Locate electrical features:
Then show the location of electrical features on the residential plans (Figure – 2). Larger commercial buildings will usually have a separate electrical drawing which shows the location of each item and the circuitry desired. All these features are shown with symbols.
Dimension the floor plan:
Since it will be used to locate walls, windows, doors and other features, the floor plan must be carefully dimensioned. Even if the drawing is a little out of scale the dimensions must be correct.
Architectural dimensions are placed above the dimension line and are recorded in feet and inches. The dimension line is continuous between the extension lines. (Figure – 6)
The extension line goes past the dimension line by about 1/8th inch. When arrows or dots are used to indicate the ends of the dimension line, they are stopped exactly on it. When 450 slashes are used the dimension line extends a little past the extension line. The extension line does not touch the object from which it is drawn. Arrow heads are made about 1/8th inch long and 1/3rd as wide as they are long. Some prefer to use the 450 type of arrow head.
Dimensions placed in vertical positions are drawn parallel with these surfaces and are read from the right side of the drawing. All notes are lettered so they are often directed to some features with a leader line. The leader comes off the beginning or end of the note and may be gracefully curved or free hand.
Begin with the dimensioning the exterior walls. The first row of dimensions locates doors, windows, interior walls meeting exterior walls and changes in the building shape and is placed 1 – ½ “ from the exterior wall. It should clear any porches or decks that may project from the building. The second row of dimensions is about 1” from the first row. It locates the lengths of the various sectors of the exterior wall. The third row is the overall dimension to find the wall length. It is usually placed on all sides of the floor plan. The overall dimensions run from the outside face of the stud on one wall to the outside face of the stud on the other side of the building. The doors & windows in a wall have to be dimensioned to the center of the opening.
Notes and identification:
Letter any notes or identification of features (Figure – 7). Since the drawing is basically finished, these can be placed in open areas with the knowledge that something as a dimension will not be drawn over them.
Identify each door with a mark e.g. D – 1, D – 2 etc. all doors that are exactly alike would have the same mark placed by them. If a building had five different types and styles of doors, it would have five different marks. Doors can also be identified by numbers as 1,2, 3 and so on. On large commercial buildings the rooms are numbered. Whenever possible the doors are given the same mark number as the room number. Windows on small buildings use the same system as doors except the symbol is W – 1, W – 2 and so on, or by letters such as ABC these are placed inside a circle. Commercial buildings usually identify windows by letters inside a hexagon. Doors & window marks are use to identify them or schedules.
On residential drawings, each room is given a name. when several rooms have the same number, such as bedrooms, they are also given a number. On commercial drawings, each space is given a name& number. This includes rooms, stairs, storage areas, halls, lobbies and other spaces. These are of often 3/16” high letters. The room number is placed inside a rectangular box.
Stair data are lettered on the stair when possible. Label other things that might not be clear, such as the refrigerator, compactor, dishwasher, water heater & book shelves. Indicate interior elevation with the proper symbol.
Using a match line:
Sometimes a building is so large it is not possible to draw the entire floor plan on one sheet. When this occurs it is broken into two or more parts with match lines. A match line is a very thick line composed of long dashes drawn across the floor where the building will be divided. The floor plan details are drawn past the match line several inches.
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