- The bulls should be screened regularly for tuberculosis, Johne’s disease, brucellosis, vibriosis, trichomoniasis, leptospirosis as per the schedule.
- The materials should be collected and should be sent to authorized laboratories for screening and the results, action taken should be recorded.
The detailed disease screening procedure and management measures are as follows
Tuberculosis Management
|
Screening Test details
|
Name
|
Delayed Hypersensitvity – Single Intradermal test
|
|
Reagent
|
Bovine tuberculin PPD
|
|
Reagents from
|
IVRI, Izatnagar
|
|
Testing at
|
Where animals are housed
|
|
Positive result criteria
|
As per OIE norms
Negative: Increase in skin thickness less than 2 mm & without clinical signs viz. exudation, necrosis, pain, inflammation of the lymphatic duct of that region or the lymph node, 72 hours post-inoculation.
Inconclusive: Increase in skin thickness more than 2mm & less than 4mm, absence of above clinical signs, 72 hours post-inoculation.
Positive: Increase in skin thickness 4 mm or more, or presence of clinical signs viz. exudation, necrosis, pain, inflammation of the lymphatic duct of that region or the lymph node, 72 hours post-inoculation .
|
|
Eligible animals
|
|
All animals above 6 weeks of age (?)
|
|
Frequency of testing
|
Positive herd
|
Minimum 60 days after culling of last positive animal
|
|
Negative herd
|
Annual test is minimum. Six months (± 1 week) after last whole herd negative testing, desirable.
|
|
Action on finding a positive bull
|
Animal
|
Immediate isolation and Cull
|
|
Semen
|
Destroy semen doses since last negative test
|
|
Tuberculosis free herd (OIE)
|
|
Herd found negative on two consecutive tuberculin tests at an interval of 6 months, the first being performed 6 months after the slaughter of last affected animal
|
|
Quarantine
|
Duration of quarantine
|
Minimum 90 days
|
|
Test schedule
|
Two tuberculin tests, minimum interval of 60 days between tests.
|
TOP
Johne’s Disease (JD) Management
|
Screening test details
|
Name
|
Delayed Hypersensitvity test (Skin test)
|
|
Reagent
|
Johnin PPD
|
|
Reagents from
|
IVRI, Izatnagar
|
|
Testing at
|
Where animals are housed
|
|
Positive result criteria
|
Increase in skin thickness of over 4mm (discrete circumscribed swelling), 72 hours post-inoculation
|
|
Eligible animals
|
|
All animals above 6 weeks (?)
|
|
Frequency of testing
|
Positive herd
|
Minimum 60 days after culling of last positive animal
|
|
Negative herd
|
Annual test is minimum. Six months (± 1 week) after last whole herd negative testing, desirable.
|
|
Action on finding a positive bull
|
Animal
|
Immediate isolation and Cull
|
|
Semen
|
Semen can be used
|
|
Quarantine
|
Duration of quarantine
|
Minimum 90 days
|
|
Test schedule
|
Two Johnin tests, minimum interval of 60 days between tests.
|
TOP
Brucellosis Management
|
Screening Test
Details
|
Name
|
ELISA, RBPT+CFT
|
|
Sample
|
Serum
|
|
Reagents from
|
|
|
Testing at
|
RDDL
|
|
Eligible animals
|
|
· All above one year
|
|
· In females 14 days after calving or abortion
|
|
Frequency of testing
|
Positive herd
|
30 to 60 days after culling of last positive animal
|
|
Negative herd
|
Exactly one year (± 1 week) after last whole herd negative testing
|
|
Negative herd (optional)
|
Where the disease has been maintaining a very low profile (less than1 % positive) quarterly or six monthly sample could be collected to minimize losses
|
|
Action on finding a positive bull
|
Animal
|
Immediate isolation and Cull after castration.
|
|
Semen
|
Destroy semen doses since last negative test
|
|
Brucellosis free herd (OIE)
|
|
Herd found negative on two consecutive annual tests
|
|
Quarantine
|
Duration of quarantine
|
Minimum 30 days
|
|
Test schedule
|
Two tests, Serum ELISA, interval of 30 days between tests. Only negative animals to be allowed to mix with the rest of the herd.
|
|
Additional testing at sexual maturity
|
|
Serum ELISA before bulls are used for semen collection and distribution for AI
|
TOP
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Management
|
Screening test details
|
Name
|
ELISA
|
|
Sample
|
Serum
|
|
Testing at
|
RDDL
|
|
Eligible animals
|
|
All animals
|
|
Frequency of testing
|
Positive
Herd
|
Whole herd test, 30 to 60 days after culling of positive animals. Six monthly, after the herd become negative.
|
|
Negative
Herd
|
Exactly one year (± 1 week) after last whole herd testing
|
|
Where the disease has been maintaining a low profile (less than 5 % positive) quarterly or six monthly sample could be collected to minimize losses
|
|
Action on finding a positive bull
|
|
|
|
IBR free herd (OIE)
|
|
Whole herd tested negative on two consecutive occasions at an interval of 2 to 12 months between tests
|
|
Quarantine
|
Duration of quarantine
|
Minimum 30 days
|
|
Testing
|
Two tests, Serum ELISA, interval of 21 days between tests
|
|
Additional testing at sexual maturity
|
|
Serum ELISA before bulls are used for semen distribution in field AI programmes
|
TOP
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Management
|
Screening test details
|
Name
|
Virus isolation, PCR, ELISA
|
|
Sample
|
Blood
|
|
Testing at
|
HSADL, Bhopal
|
|
Eligible animals
|
|
All animals
|
|
Frequency of testing
|
Positive herd
|
As per OIE norms
|
|
Negative herd
|
Exactly one year (± 1 week) after last whole herd negative testing
|
|
Negative herd (optional)
|
Quarterly sample could be collected to minimize losses
|
|
Action on finding a positive bull
|
|
|
|
Quarantine
|
Duration of Quarantine
|
Minimum 30 days
|
|
Testing schedule
|
As per OIE norms
|
|
Additional testing at sexual maturity
|
|
Virus isolation before bulls are used for semen distribution for AI programme
|
TOP
Bovine Trichomoniasis Management
|
Screening test details
|
Name
|
Agent isolation & identification
|
|
Sample
|
Preputial washing
|
|
Testing at
|
RDDL
|
|
Eligible animals
|
|
All male animals
|
|
Prevention
|
|
Annual sheath lavage
|
|
Frequency of testing
|
|
Annual
|
|
Action on finding a positive animal
|
Animal
|
Treat the animals
|
|
Semen
|
Destroy the collections since last negative test
|
|
Quarantine
|
Duration of quarantine
|
Minimum 30 days
|
|
Test schedule
|
One test, if age is less than 6 months, else 3 consecutive tests at weekly intervals.
|
|
|
Additional testing at sexual maturity
|
|
Protozoa isolation before
bulls are used for semen distribution for AI
|
TOP
Foot and Mouth Disease Management
|
Action during FMD outbreak
|
Animal
|
Isolate diseased animals till recovery, do not cull.
|
|
Semen
|
Semen from FMD infected bulls :
- Destroy semen collected during one month before onset of outbreak. Do not collect semen from bulls during the outbreak and three months after the last case of FMD recovered in the farm.
- Infected animals must be given 90 days rest
Semen from healthy bulls maintained in FMD infected farm :
- Destroy semen collected during one month before onset of outbreak. Do not collect semen from bulls during the outbreak and one months after the last case of FMD recovered in the farm.
- Semen could be used other than the above mentioned periods, if there is no new case of FMD develops during three months period after last FMD case recovered in the farm.
|
|
Semen for export
|
Test each batch by virus isolation and PCR
|
|
Quarantine
|
|
Vaccination – as per manufacturer’s recommendations.
|
|
Vaccination
|
Oil vaccine
|
- Annual in farm and
- 5 to 10 km around the farm
- Test for seroconversion, by collecting serum on the day of vaccination and 21 days later.
|
TOP
|
Participants