Lesson 3. One dimensional steady state conduction through plane and composite walls, tubes and spheres without heat generation

One-Dimensional, Steady State Heat Conduction without Heat Generation:

i) Plane Wall or Slab of Uniform Conductivity without Heat Generation:

Consider steady state heat conduction through a plane wall of thickness ‘L’ and area ‘A’ having uniform conductivity ‘k’ as shown in Figure 1. Temperature on the left hand side of the wall is T1 and on the right hand side it is T2. Heat is flowing from left hand side to the right hand side as T1 is greater than T2. The general conduction equation which governs the conduction heat transfer is written as

e3.1.jpg

f3.1.jpg

Since it is a case of one-dimensional, stead heat conduction through a wall of uniform conductivity without heat generation, therefore, e3.2.jpg  and

Therefore, equation (1) reduces to

e3.3

Equation (2) is used to determine the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate through the wall. Integrating equation (2) twice with respect to x, it can written as

T = C1 x + C2                                                                                                                                                 (3)

Where, C1 and C2 are constants of integration.

Using the following boundary conditions:

i.      At x = 0, T = T1

        Equation (3) is written as C2 =   T1                      (4)

ii.      At x = L, T = T2

Equation (3) can be written as T2 = C1 L + C2

Or         T2 = C1 L + T1

C1= (T2 – T1)/L                                                                                              (5)

Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (3)

e3.4

Equation (6) represents temperature distribution in the wall. It means temperature at any point along the thickness of the wall can be obtained if values of temperatures T1, T2, thickness L and distance of the point form either of the faces of the wall are known.

Rate of heat transfer can be determined by using Fourier’s law and can be expressed as

e3.5

Integrating equation (6) with respect to x to obtain the expression for temperature gradient e3.7

e3.6

Substituting the value of e3.7 from above equation in equation (7), we get

e3.8

Equation (8) represents the heat transfer rate through the wall.     

ii) Cylinder of Uniform Conductivity without Heat Generation:

Consider steady state heat conduction through a cylinder having r1 and r2 as inner and outer radii respectively and length ‘L’ as shown in Figure 2. Temperature of the inner and outer surfaces is T1 and T2 respectively. Heat is flowing from inner to outer surface as T1 is greater than T2. The general conduction equation which governs the conduction heat transfer is written as

e3.9

f3.2.jpg

Since it is a case of one-dimensional, stead heat conduction through a wall of uniform conductivity without heat generation, therefore, e3.10.jpg

Therefore, equation (9) reduces to

e3.11.jpg

Equation (10) is used to determine the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate through the cylinder. Integrating equation (10) twice with respect to r, it can written as

e3.12.jpg

 and       T = C1 loge r + C2                                                                                                                                              (12)

Using the following boundary conditions:

i. At r = r1, T = T1

Equation (12) is written as T1 = C1 loge r1 + C2                      (13)

ii. At r = r2, T = T2

Equation (12) can be written as

T2 = C1 loge r2 + C2                           (14)

 Subtracting equation (14) from equation (13), we get

T1 – T2 = C1 loge r– C1 loge r2                         


e3.13.jpg                                   

Substituting the values of C1 from equation (15) in equation (13)

e3.14.jpg

Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (12), we get


e3.15.jpg                    

Equation (18) represents temperature distribution in the cylinder. Rate of heat transfer can be determined by using Fourier’s law and can be expressed as

e3.16.jpg

From equation (11) we can write

Substituting the value of C1 from equation (15), we can write

e3.17.jpg

Substituting the value of from equation (21) in equation (20), we get

e3.18.jpg

Equation (22) represents the heat transfer rate through the cylinder. 

 iii) Sphere of Uniform Conductivity without Heat Generation:

Consider steady state heat conduction through a hollow sphere having r1 and r2 as inner and outer radii respectively. Temperature of the inner and outer surfaces is T1 and T2 respectively. Heat is flowing from inner to outer surface as T1 is greater than T2. The general conduction equation which governs the conduction heat transfer is written as

e3.19.jpg

Since it is a case of one-dimensional, steady heat conduction through a shere without heat generation, therefore, e3.21.jpg

Therefore, equation (22) reduces to

e3.20.jpg

Multiplying both sides of equation (23) by r2 , we get

e3.22.jpg

Equation (24) is used to determine the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate through the wall. Integrating equation (23) twice with respect to r, it can written as

e3.23.jpg

Using the following boundary conditions:

i. At r = r1, T = T1

Equation (26) is written as

e3.24.jpg

ii. At r = r2, T = T2

Equation (26) can be written as

e3.26.jpg

Subtracting equation (28) from equation (27), we get

e3.25.jpg

Substituting the values of C1 from equation (29) in equation (27)                                                                           

e3.27.jpg

Substituting the values of C1 and C2 from equations (29) and (30) in equation (26)

e3.28.jpg                              

Equation (31) represents temperature distribution in a sphere. Rate of heat transfer can be determined by using Fourier’s law and can be expressed as

e3.29.jpg

From equation (25) we can write

Substituting the value of C1 from equation (29), we can write e.jpg


e3.30.jpg                                                                         

Substituting the value of ea.jpg from equation (34) from equation (33), we get

e3.31.jpg                                                      

Equation (35) represents the heat transfer rate through a sphere. 

Heat Flow through Composite Geometries:

A) Composite Slab or Wall:

Consider a composite slab made of three different materials having conductivity k1, k2 and k3, length L1, L2 and L3   as shown in Figure 3. One side of the wall is exposed to a hot fluid having temperature Tf and on the other side is atmospheric air at temperature Ta. Convective heat transfer coefficient between the hot fluid and inside surface of wall is hi (inside convective heat transfer coefficient) and ho is the convective heat transfer coefficient between atmospheric air and outside surface of the wall (outside convective heat transfer coefficient). Temperatures at inner and outer surfaces of the composite wall are T1 and T4 whereas at the interface of the constituent materials of the slab are T2 and T3 respectively.

f3.3.jpg

Heat is transferred from hot fluid to atmospheric air and involves following steps:

i)        Heat transfer from hot fluid to inside surface of the composite wall by convection

e3.32

ii)      Heat transfer from inside surface to first interface by conduction

e3.33

iii)    Heat transfer from first interface to second interface by conduction

e3.34

iv)    Heat transfer from second interface to outer surface of the composite wall by conduction

e3.35

v)      Heat transfer from outer surface of composite wall to atmospheric air by convection

e3.36

Adding equations (36), (37), (38) and (40), we get

 e3.37

  If composite slab is made of ‘n’ number of materials, then equation (41) reduces to

e3.38

If inside and outside convective heat transfer coefficients are not to be considered, then equation (42) is expressed as

e3.39

B) Composite Cylinder:

Consider a composite cylinder consisting of inner and outer cylinders of radii r1, r2 and thermal conductivity k1, k2 respectively as shown in Figure 4. Length of the composite cylinder is L. Hot fluid at temperature Tf is flowing inside the composite cylinder. Temperature at the inner surface of the composite cylinder exposed to hot fluid is T1 and outer surface of the composite cylinder is at temperature T3 and is exposed to atmospheric air at temperature Ta. The interface temperature of the composite cylinder is T2.. Convective heat transfer coefficient between the hot fluid and inside surface of composite cylinder is hi (inside convective heat transfer coefficient) and ho is the convective heat transfer coefficient between atmospheric air and outside surface of the composite cylinder (outside convective heat transfer coefficient). Heat is transferred from hot fluid to atmospheric air and involves following steps:

f3.4.jpg

i)                   Heat transfer from hot fluid to inside surface of the composite cylinder by convection

e3.40

ii)                  Heat transfer from inside surface to interface by conduction

e3.41

iii)                Heat transfer from interface to outer surface of the composite cylinder by conduction

e3.42

iv)                Heat transfer from outer surface of composite wall to atmospheric air by convection

e3.43

Adding both sides of equations (44), (45),(46) and (47), we get

e3.44

  If the composite cylinder consists of ‘n’ cylinders, then equation (48) can be expressed as:

e3.45

If inside and outside convective heat transfer coefficients are not to be considered, then equation (3.41) is expressed as

e3.46

C) Composite Sphere:

Consider a composite sphere consisting of inner and outer cylinders of radii r1, r2 and thermal conductivity k1, k2 respectively. Hot fluid at temperature Tf is flowing inside the composite sphere. Temperature at the inner surface of the composite sphere exposed to hot fluid if T1 and outer surface of the composite cylinder is at temperature T3 and is exposed to atmospheric air at temperature Ta. The interface temperature of the composite cylinder is T2. Convective heat transfer coefficient between the hot fluid and inside surface of composite sphere is hi (inside convective heat transfer coefficient) and ho is the convective heat transfer coefficient between atmospheric air and outside surface of the composite sphere (outside convective heat transfer coefficient). Heat is transferred from hot fluid to atmospheric air and involves following steps:

i)              Heat transfer from hot fluid to inside surface of the composite sphere by convection

e3.47

ii)            Heat transfer from inside surface to interface by conduction.

e3.48

iii)          Heat transfer from interface to outer surface of the composite sphere by conduction

e3.49

iv)             Heat transfer from outer surface of composite wall to atmospheric air by convection

e3.50

Adding both sides of equations (51), (52),(53) and (54), we get

e3.51

  If the composite sphere consists of ‘n’ concentric spheres, then equation (54) can be expressed as:

e3.52

If inside and outside convective heat transfer coefficients are not to be considered, then equation (55) is expressed as

e3.53

Last modified: Friday, 14 March 2014, 11:36 AM