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 Overview |
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Syllabus |
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References |
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| Topic 1 |
Biochemistry |
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History of biochemistry |
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Carbohydrates |
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Occurrence and importance |
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Classification |
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Monosaccharide |
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Oligosaccharides |
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Polysaccharides |
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Frequently asked questions Resource |
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| Topic 2 |
Introduction |
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Cyclic structure of Monosaccharides |
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Conformational structure |
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Derived monosaccharides |
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a) Deoxysugars |
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b) Amino sugars |
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c) Polyols (alditols) |
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d) Oxidation products |
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Structure of Disaccharides & Polysaccharides |
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Reducing disaccharides |
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Non-reducing disaccharides |
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Polysaccharides |
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a) Storage polysaccharides |
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b)Structural polysaccharides |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 3 |
A. Isomerism |
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B. Optical activity |
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C. Mutarotation |
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| Topic 4 |
Chemical reactions of carbohydrates |
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Reaction with alkali |
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Reaction with phenylhydrazine |
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Reaction with acids |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 5 |
Occurrence and importance |
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a.Lipids are broadly classified into simple, compound and derived lipids |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 6 |
Structures of fatty acids and triacyl glycerol, essential fatty acids Plant fatty acids |
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Major fatty acids |
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Minor fatty acid |
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Unusual fatty acids |
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Essential fatty acids |
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Simple lipids |
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Compound lipids |
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Glycerophospholipids |
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Sphingophospholipids |
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Glycolipids and sulpholipids and Lipoprotein |
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Properties of fat |
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Chemical Properties of fat |
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Constants of fats and oils |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 8 |
Physical Constants |
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i)Saponification number |
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ii)Iodine Number |
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iii)Reichert-Meisel number(R.M.number) |
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iv. Polanski number |
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v. Acetyl number |
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vi. Acid number |
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Molecular aggregation of phospholipids |
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Frequently asked questions Resource |
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| Topic 9 |
Chlorophylls |
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Carotenoids |
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Phycobilins |
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Sterols |
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Brassinosteroids |
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Physiological effects of brassinosteroids |
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Practical application of BR |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 10 |
Amino acids – classification and properties, essential amino acids |
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Occurrence |
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Amino acids |
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Classification of protein amino acids |
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a) Amino acids with non-polar or hydrophobic, aliphatic R groups |
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b) Amino acids with non-polar aromatic R groups |
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c) Amino acids with polar, uncharged R groups |
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d) Amino acids with charged R groups |
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Physical properties of amino acids |
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Amphoteric nature of amino acids |
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Isomerism |
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a) Reactions due to amino group |
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b) Reactions due to carboxyl group |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 11 |
Classification of protein |
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A. Classification based on solubility and composition |
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1.Simple proteins |
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ii. Conjugated or compound proteins |
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iii. Derived proteins |
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b. Classification of proteins based on function |
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Catalytic proteins – Enzymes |
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Regulatory proteins - Hormones |
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Protective proteins - Antibodies |
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Storage proteins |
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Transport proteins |
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Toxic proteins |
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Structural proteins |
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Contractile proteins |
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Secretary proteins |
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Exotic proteins |
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C. Classification based on size and shape |
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Globular proteins |
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Fibrous proteins |
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| Topic 12 |
Conformation of a protein |
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Primary structure |
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1. Determination of number of polypeptides or subunits |
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N-terminal identification |
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C-terminal identification |
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Separation and purification of polypeptide chains |
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Secondary structure |
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Helix structure |
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The ß-pleated sheet structure |
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The random coil |
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Tertiary structure |
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Hydrogen bonds |
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Salt-linkages (electrostatic forces; ionic bonds) |
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Quaternary structure |
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Physical properties of proteins |
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chemical properties of proteins |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 13 |
Enzymes – classification, Mechanism of enzyme action –active site |
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Specificity of the enzymes |
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Classification of enzymes |
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I. Oxidoreductases |
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II Transferases |
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III Hydrolases |
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IV Lyases |
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V Isomerases |
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VI. Ligases |
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Mechanism of enzyme action |
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Fischer’s lock and key theory (Rigid template model) |
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Koshland’s induced-fit theory |
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| Topic 14 |
Factors affecting enzymatic reaction |
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1.Substrate concentration |
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2.Enzyme concentration |
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3.Temperature |
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4.pH |
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Inhibitors |
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a.Competitive inhibitor |
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b.Non-competitive inhibitor |
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A complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its coenzyme and/or metal ions is called holoenzyme |
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Cofactors |
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Isoenzymes |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 15 |
Introduction |
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Fat-soluble vitamins |
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Water-soluble vitamins |
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Thiamine |
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Riboflavin |
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Niacin |
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Pyridoxine |
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Pantothenic acid |
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Folic acid |
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Lipoic acid |
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Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) |
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Functions of important coenzymes and their precursors |
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| Topic 16 |
Introduction |
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Metabolic processes in carbohydrates |
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Glycolysis |
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Energetics of glycolysis |
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Significance of glycolysis |
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| Topic 18 |
The tricarboxylic acid cycle |
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Reactions of the TCA cycle |
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The citric acid cycle |
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Significance of the TCA cycle |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 19 |
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation |
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ites of ATP formation |
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Mechanism of ATP formation |
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Chemical hypothesis |
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Frequently asked questions |
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| Topic 20 |
Introduction |
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Lipases |
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Phospholipases |
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Phospholipase A |
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Phospholipase B (A2) |
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Phospholipase C |
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Phospholipase D |
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Oxidation of fatty acids |
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α-oxidation |
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ɷ-Oxidation |
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ß-Oxidation of fatty acids |
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Oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acids |
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Frequently asked questions Resource |
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| Topic 21 |
Biosynthesis of fatty acids |
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Formation of malonyl CoA |
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Elongation of fatty acids or synthesis of long chain fatty acids |
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Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids |
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Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols |
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Frequently asked questions Resource |
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| Topic 22 |
Macromolecular Structures: DNA |
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RNA & DNA |
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Watson and Crick |
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| Topic 23 |
Introduction |
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Models for the replication of DNA |
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Meselson-Stahl Experiment: Proof for Semiconservative DNA replication |
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Semidiscontinuous replication |
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Mechanism of DNA replication |
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| Topic 24 |
Introduction |
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Basic features of RNA synthesis |
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Binding of RNA polymerase |
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RNA chain initiation |
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Termination and release of new RNA |
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Classes of RNA molecules |
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Genetic Code |
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| Topic 25 |
Introduction |
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Initiation |
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Differences between protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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| Topic 26 |
Introduction |
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Definition of Biotechnology |
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Selected historical events that lead to the development of biotechnology |
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Human insulin |
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Flavr savr tomato. |
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| Topic 27 |
Fundamentals of Micropropagation |
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Explant and explant selection |
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Stage 0: Preparative stage |
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Stage 1. Initiation of culture |
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Stage 2. Multiplication / Proliferation |
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Stage 3. Rooting of shoots |
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Stage 4. Transplantation |
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| Topic 28 |
Advantages Disadvantages of micro propagation with respect to commercialization |
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Benefits of Biotechnology in horticulture |
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| Topic 29 |
Meristem tip culture |
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Heat therapy & Chemotherapy |
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Shoot tip grafting (STG) /Micrografting |
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| Topic 30 |
Anther Culture |
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Pollen or Microspore culture |
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Factors affecting androgenesis |
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Applications |
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Ovary culture |
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Embryo culture |
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Bulbosum technique |
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| Topic 31 |
Callus Culture |
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Cell suspension culture |
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Subculture Methods |
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Estimation of Growth |
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In vitro Secondary metabolites production |
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Commercial Production of Shikonin & Hairy root cultures |
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Biotransformation |
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Somaclonal variation |
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| Topic 32 |
Protoplast Isolation |
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Factors affecting yield and viability of protoplasts |
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Protoplast culture |
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| Topic 33 |
In vitro germplasm conservation |
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Cryopreservation |
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Synthetic seeds |
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| Topic 34 |
Genetic Engineering or Recombinant DNA technology |
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Vectors |
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Plant Transformation |
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Direct gene Transfer |
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Indirect gene transfer method |
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Applications of Transgenic plants |
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Future Trends |
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Plants as bioreactors |
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Participants