Topic	Name	Description
	Theory
	Practical
	Theory
	Practical
Topic 1	1.1.1. Physiology - Origin of the world and the study
	1.2.1. Introduction
	1.2.2.The Hydrological Cycle or water cycle
	1.2.3. Water as a Habitat
	1.2.4. Physical and chemical properties
	1.2.5. Biological Characteristics of Water
	1.2.6. The Biological importance of water as a solvent and as a medium for living organisms
	1.2.7. Water as a Major Cell Constituent
	Physiology Introduction
	Hydrological cycle or Water cycle
Topic 2	2.1.1. Introduction
	2.1.2. Atmospheric air composition
	2.1.3. Solubility of gases
	2.1.4. Effect of pressure and temperature
	2.1.5. Partial pressure and tension
	2.1.6. Gas diffusion
	2.1.7. Respiration of water
	2.1.8. Modification of respiratory organs in aquatic animals
	2.1.9. Respiration and Gas Exchange
	2.1.10. Classifications of respiration
	2.1.11. Cartilaginous fish
	2.1.12. Bony fish
	2.1.13. Specialized cells in the gills
	2.1.14. Gill area and diffusion capacity
	2.1.15. Mechanism of respiration or Ventilation of gills
	2.1.16. Double pump system
	2.1.17. Fish blood as a gas carrier
	2.1.18. Oxygen equilibrium curves
	2.1.19. Ventilation of gills
	2.1.20. Counter Flow Mechanism
	2.1.21. Water pumping
	2.1.22. Ram Ventilation
	2.1.23. Oxygen dissociation curve
	2.1.24. Effect of temperature, CO2 and pH
	2.1.25. Carbon dioxide transported in the blood
	2.1.26. Origin of accessory respiratory organs in fishes
	2.1.27. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes
	2.1.28. Shellfishes
	2.1.29. Red blood cells important to carbon dioxide transport
	2.1.30. Respiratory system of shell fishes
	2.1.31. Classification of cephalopods
	2.1.32. Anatomy of the respiratory system of cephalopods
	2.1.33. Physiology of respiration
	2.1.34. Respiratory system of gastropods
	2.1.35. Gastropods with filamentous gills
	2.1.36. Other gill arrangements
	2.1.37. Pulmonates
	2.1.38. Respiratory physiology of bivalve
	Gas Exchange
	Respiratory Pump
	Gill structure and Boold / Water flow
	Counter current Vs Parallel flow
	Bohr
	Root
	root-bohr
	main
	Ventillation mechanism of gills
	2.2.1. Introduction
	2.2.2. General principles
	2.2.3. Peristaltic pumps or Chamber pumps
	2.2.4. Major differences between closed and open circulation system
	2.2.5. Circulation pattern
	2.2.6. Cyclostomes
	2.2.7. Cardiac output
	2.2.8. Crustaceans
	2.2.9. Blood and Circulation
	2.2.10. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
	2.2.11. White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
	2.2.12. Fishes possess 2 kinds of hb
	2.2.13. Cardio- vascular system
	2.2.14. Comparative anatomy of heart
	2.2.15. Working of the teleostean heart
	2.2.16. Cardiac flow
	2.2.17. Cardiac Vascular Control
	2.2.18. Aneural Cardiac Vascular Control
	2.2.19. Neural Cardiac Vascular Control
	2.2.20. Myocardial Electrical Activity
	2.2.21. Shellfishes
	2.2.22. Function of plasma
	2.2.23. Circulatory system of cephalopods - Heart
	2.2.24. Heart Circulation
	2.2.25. Circulatory system of crustaceans - Introduction
	2.2.26. Circulation - Hemalymph flow
	2.2.27. Morphology of the circulatory system
	2.2.28. Circulatory physiology
	2.2.29. Diseases
	Circulation
	Circulatory system
	Fish heart
	2.3.1. Introduction
	2.3.2. Excretory System Functions
	2.3.3. Structure of the kidney
	2.3.4. Freshwater teleosts
	2.3.5. Internal structure of kidney
	2.3.6. Mechanisms of excretion/ function
	2.3.7. Shellfishes - Crustaceans
	2.3.8. Mollusca
	Excretion
	2.4.1. Introduction
	2.4.2. Definitions
	2.4.3. Osmoregulation
	2.4.4. Regulators and conformers
	2.4.5. Osmoregulatory problem in freshwater fishes
	2.4.6. Osmoregulatory problem in marine fishes
	2.4.7. Osmoregulatory problem in hag fishes
	2.4.8. Osmoregulatory problem in chondrichthyes or elasmobranchs
	2.4.9. Osmoregulation in migratory fishes
	2.4.10. Preparation for life in a changed environment
	2.4.11. Factors controlling iono-osmoregulation in amphihaline fish
	2.4.12. Shellfishes
	Osmoregulation
	Osmoregulation in migratory fish
	Migrate
Topic 3	3.1.1. Importance of reproductive physiological studies
	3.1.2. Introduction
	3.1.3. Types of reproduction
	3.1.4. Sex determination
	3.1.5. Male reproductive system
	3.1.6. Testis and spermatogenesis
	3.1.7. Seasonal changes in testes
	3.1.8. Female reproductive system
	3.1.9. Ovarian follicle
	3.1.10. Oogenesis
	3.1.11. Seasonal changes in the female reproductive organ
	3.1.12. Sex determination
	3.1.13. Sex chromosomes
	3.1.14. Autosomes
	3.1.15. Sexual differentiation
	3.1.16. Outstanding differences are listed below
	3.1.17. Maturation and spawning
	3.1.18 Ovulation and fertilization
	3.1.19. Follicular atresia
	3.1.20. Causes
	3.1.21. Modes of reproduction
	3.1.22. Seasonal regulation of reproduction/ environmental influence on the reproductive cycle
	3.1.23. Hormonal control of reproduction
	3.1.24. Shellfish
	3.1.25. Separate Sexes
	3.1.26. Hermaphroditism
	3.1.27. Sex Change
	3.1.28. Asexual Reproduction
	3.1.29. Life histories vary from the simple to the complex within the different groups of Crustacea
	3.1.30. Breeding Biology of PENAEUS MONODON
	3.1.31. Decapod Crabs - Reproduction and Development
	3.1.32. CLASS BIVALVIA (PELECYPODA) - (Bi-valv i-a) (pely-cy-poda)
	3.1.33. CLASS CEPHALOPODA - (ceph-a-lo-poda)
	3.1.34. Embryonic Development in Fish
	3.1.35. Hormones involved in reproduction and their sources transaction of external signal
	Reproductive Physiology
	Timing of reproduction in fish
	3.2.1. Structure of various muscles
	3.2.2. Striated muscle
	3.2.3. The muscle fibre
	3.2.4. Myofibril
	3.2.5. Cardiac muscle
	3.2.6. The myocardial cells
	3.2.7. The pase makers of heart
	3.2.8. Smooth muscle or non striated muscle
	3.2.9. Visceral or angle unity muscle
	3.2.10. Multi unit muscle
	3.2.11. Muscle Physiology
	3.2.12. Molluscan catch muscle
	3.2.13. Crustacean muscle
	3.2.14. Muscle metabolism and function
	3.2.15. Myosepta
	3.2.16. Dark muscle
	3.2.17. Composition and metabolism of dark and white muscle
	3.2.18. Specialized muscles
	3.2.19. Sound producing muscle
	3.2.20. Muscle modified as electric organ
	Muscle physiology
	3.3.1. Introduction
	3.3.2. Chemoreception
	3.3.2.1 Olfaction
	3.3.2.2. Taste
	3.3.3. Acoustico-Lateralis System
	3.3.3.1. Hearing
	3.3.3.2. Lateral line
	3.3.4. Electro-reception
	3.3.5. Photoreception/vision
	3.3.6. Other senses (touch, pain, and special senses)
	3.3.7. Pineal gland
	Sense organs
Topic 4	4.1.1. Introduction
	4.1.2. Nutrition and metabolism in fish
	4.1.3. Pathways of cellular metabolism
	4.1.4. Digestive System
	4.1.5. Metabolic Rate - Temperature Effects
	4.1.6. Oxygen Effects
	4.1.7. Activity Effects
	4.1.8. Species Effects
	4.1.9. Nutrition Overview
	4.1.10. Effects of the Aquatic Habitat
	4.1.11. Nitrogenous Compounds
	4.1.12. Effects of Poikilothermy
	4.1.13. Effects of Carnivory
	4.1.14. Least Cost Ration Formulation
	Energy and Nutrient Status of Food
	4.2.1. Ammonia production
	4.2.2. Ammonia excretion
	4.2.3. Urea Production
	Nitrogen Balance
	4.3.1 Digestion
	4.3.1.1 Digestion of proteins
	4.3.1.2 Digestion of carbohydrates
	4.3.1.3 Fat Digestion
	4.3.2 Metabolism
	4.3.2.1 Functions of metabolism
	4.3.2.2 Phases of metabolism
	4.3.2.3 Metabolism of energy in fish
	4.3.2.4 Energy flow in Fish
	4.3.2.5 Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)
	4.3.2.6 Metabolic pathways in fish
	4.3.2.7 Corbohydrate Metabolism
	4.3.2.8 The Electron Transport Chain
	4.3.2.9 Protein Metabolism
	4.3.2.10 Fat (Lipid) Metabolism
	4.3.2.11 What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathway?
	4.3.2.12 Metabolic rate
	4.3.2.13 Why is it useful to measure the metabolic rate of organism?
	Digestion
	Energy Metabolism
	Three stages of metabolism
	The fate of gross nutrient
	Protein carbohydrate lipids
	4.4.1. Introduction
	4.4.2. Metabolic Rate
	4.4.3. Effect of oxygen concentration on metabolic rate
	4.4.4. Acclimation to low oxygen levels
	4.4.5. Anaerobic metabolism
	4.4.6. The oxygen minimum layer
	4.4.7. Energy source
	4.4.8. Energy budget
	4.4.9. Energy expenditure in stressed fish
	4.4.10. Energy budjet for a hypothetical fish
	4.4.11. Faeces
	Standard and Active Metabolism
	Digestive system of carnivorous fish
Topic 5	5.1.1. Introduction
	5.1.2. Metabolism and activity
	5.1.3. Acclimation
	5.1.4. Categories of stress
	5.1.5. Stress response to disease and treatments
	5.1.6. Stress response to water pollutants
	5.1.7. Action of stresses
	5.1.8. Resting level
	5.1.9. Osmotic stress
	5.1.10. Ionic stress
	5.1.11. Stress in defence mechanism
	5.1.12. Thermal stress
	5.1.13. Stress control
	5.1.14. Conclusion
	Effect of Environmental Factors on Physiology of Fin and Shellfishes
	5.2.1. Introduction
	5.2.2. The major endocrine glands of the body are following
	5.2.2.1 Hypothalamus
	5.2.2.2. The pituitary gland
	5.2.2.2.1. Anatomy of pituitary gland - Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
	5.2.2.2.2 Anatomy of pituitary gland- Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
	5.3.3. Hypothalamus, pituitary and each of the glands they control
	5.2.4. Hormones of the neurohypophysis
	5.2.5. Neuro-endocrine regulation of the pituitary gland
	5.2.6. The thyroid gland
	5.2.7. Functions
	5.2.8. Adrenal cortical tissue or Inter-renal tissue
	5.2.9. Chromaffin tissue
	5.2.10. The ultimo-branchial gland
	5.2.11. Islets of langerhans or Endocrine Pancreas
	5.2.12. Endoderm
	5.2.13. Mesoderm
	5.2.14. Ectoderm
	5.2.15. Neural crest
	5.2.16. The corpuscles of stannius
	5.2.17. Function of corpuscles of stannius
	5.2.18. The urophysis (Caudal neurosecretory System)
	5.2.19. Gonads
	5.2.20. Gastro-Intestinal hormones
	5.2.21. Pineal gland
	5.2.22. Pheromones
	5.2.23. Shellfishes - Hormones of Crustaceans
	5.2.24. Other Invertebrate Hormones or Molluscan Hormones
	5.2.25. Other Invertebrate Hormones
	5.2.26. Function
	structure and function
	Section of the brain
Topic 6	Aim & Materials Required
	Description
Topic 7	Aim
	Materials Required
	Principle
	Reagents
	Procedure
	Results
Topic 8	Aim
	Materials Required
	Principle
	Procedure
	Result
	Observation
Topic 9	Aim
	Materials Required
	Principle
	Reagents
	Procedure
	Calculation
Topic 10	Aim
	Materials required
	Principle
	Reagents
	Procedure
	Preparation of standard solution
	Observation
	Result
Topic 11	Aim
	Materials Required
	Principle
	Reagents Required
	Procedure
	Observation
Topic 12	Aim
	Materials Required
	Principle
	Reagents
	Procedure
	Calculation and observation
	Result
Topic 13	Aim
	Introduction
	Materials Required
	Method - Collection of tissue
	Method - Fixation
	Result
Topic 14	Aim
	Introduction
	Procedure
Topic 15	Aim
	Materials Required
	Liver
	Kidney
	Spleen
	Yolk granules in oocyte
	Eye
	Gill
Topic 16	Aim
	Materials Required
	Reagents
	Procedure
	Result
Topic 17	Aim
	Reagents Required
	Procedure
	Calculation
	Preparation of reagents
	Result
Topic 18	Aim
	Reagents
	Procedure
	Result
Topic 19	Aim
	Materials Required
	Description
Topic 20	Aim
	Reagent
	Equipment and glassware
	Procedure
Topic 21	References