Topic	Name	Description
	Syllabus - Theory
	Syllabus - Practical
	Syllabus - Theory
	Syllabus - Practical
	Syllabus - Theory
	Syllabus - Practical
	Syllabus - Theory
	Syllabus - Practical
Topic 1	1.1.1 Introduction
	1.1.2 Concepts and Terminologies
	1.1.2.1. Biotechnology
	1.1.2.2. Genetic engineering
	1.1.2.3. Molecular biology
	1.1.2.4. Genomics
	1.1.2.5. Functional genomics
	1.1.2.6. Metagenomics
	1.1.2.7. Proteomics
	1.1.2.8. Metabolomics
	1.1.3. Fields of Biotechnology
	1.1.3.1. Agricultural biotechnology
	1.1.3.2. Animal biotechnology
	1.1.3.3. Industrial Biotechnology
	1.1.3.4. Environmental Biotechnology
	1.1.3.5. Fisheries Biotechnology
	1.1.3.6. Other Applications
	1.1.4. Historical events related to biotechnology
	1.1.4.1. Other significant events
	Introduction to biotechnology
	1.2.1. DNA as genetic material
	1.2.1.1 Evidence that genes are made of DNA (or sometimes RNA)
	1.2.1.2 The chemical nature of Nucleotides
	1.2.2. DNA Structure
	1.2.2.1.The Double helix
	1.2.2.2. Genes made of RNA
	1.2.2.3. Variety of DNA structures
	1.2.3. Properties of DNA
	1.2.4. Classification of genes
	1.2.5. Activities of genes
	1.2.6. Mitochondrial DNA
	1.2.7. Genetic code
	1.2.7.1. Properties of the Genetic code
	DNA as genetic material chemistry of genetic neuclic acid
	1.3.1. Introduction
	1.3.2. Gene structure
	1.3.3. Genes in development
	1.3.4. Gene expression in prokaryotes
	1.3.4.1. Bacterial operons
	1.3.5. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	Organization of genome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
	1.4.1. Introduction
	1.4.2. Origins of a replication
	1.4.3. The replication fork
	1.4.4. Leading strand and Lagging strand
	1.4.5. Dynamics at the replication fork
	1.4.6. Termination of replication
	1.4.7. Types of replication
	1.4.7.1. Meselson-Stahl experiment
	DNA replication
	1.4.8. Transcription
	1.4.8.1.Initiation
	1.4.8.2. Elongation
	1.4.8.3. Termination
	1.4.9. Processing the mRNA Transcript
	1.4.10. Translation
	DNA translation
	DNA translation
	DNA replication
	1.1.1 Introduction
	1.1.2 Concepts and Terminologies
	1.1.2.1. Biotechnology
	1.1.2.2. Genetic engineering
	1.1.2.3. Molecular biology
	1.1.2.4. Genomics
	1.1.2.5. Functional genomics
	1.1.2.6. Metagenomics
	1.1.2.7. Proteomics
	1.1.2.8. Metabolomics
	1.1.3. Fields of Biotechnology
	1.1.3.1. Agricultural biotechnology
	1.1.3.2. Animal biotechnology
	1.1.3.3. Industrial Biotechnology
	1.1.3.4. Environmental Biotechnology
	1.1.3.5. Fisheries Biotechnology
	1.1.3.6. Other Applications
	1.1.4. Historical events related to biotechnology
	1.1.4.1. Other significant events
	Introduction to biotechnology
	1.2.1. DNA as genetic material
	1.2.1.1 Evidence that genes are made of DNA (or sometimes RNA)
	1.2.1.2 The chemical nature of Nucleotides
	1.2.2. DNA Structure
	1.2.2.1.The Double helix
	1.2.2.2. Genes made of RNA
	1.2.2.3. Variety of DNA structures
	1.2.3. Properties of DNA
	1.2.4. Classification of genes
	1.2.5. Activities of genes
	1.2.6. Mitochondrial DNA
	1.2.7. Genetic code
	1.2.7.1. Properties of the Genetic code
	DNA as genetic material chemistry of genetic neuclic acid
	1.3.1. Introduction
	1.3.2. Gene structure
	1.3.3. Genes in development
	1.3.4. Gene expression in prokaryotes
	1.3.4.1. Bacterial operons
	1.3.5. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	Organization of genome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
	1.4.1. Introduction
	1.4.2. Origins of a replication
	1.4.3. The replication fork
	1.4.4. Leading strand and Lagging strand
	1.4.5. Dynamics at the replication fork
	1.4.6. Termination of replication
	1.4.7. Types of replication
	1.4.7.1. Meselson-Stahl experiment
	DNA replication
	1.4.8. Transcription
	1.4.8.1.Initiation
	1.4.8.2. Elongation
	1.4.8.3. Termination
	1.4.9. Processing the mRNA Transcript
	1.4.10. Translation
	DNA translation
	DNA translation
	DNA replication
	1.1.1 Introduction
	1.1.2 Concepts and Terminologies
	1.1.2.1. Biotechnology
	1.1.2.2. Genetic engineering
	1.1.2.3. Molecular biology
	1.1.2.4. Genomics
	1.1.2.5. Functional genomics
	1.1.2.6. Metagenomics
	1.1.2.7. Proteomics
	1.1.2.8. Metabolomics
	1.1.3. Fields of Biotechnology
	1.1.3.1. Agricultural biotechnology
	1.1.3.2. Animal biotechnology
	1.1.3.3. Industrial Biotechnology
	1.1.3.4. Environmental Biotechnology
	1.1.3.5. Fisheries Biotechnology
	1.1.3.6. Other Applications
	1.1.4. Historical events related to biotechnology
	1.1.4.1. Other significant events
	Introduction to biotechnology
	1.2.1. DNA as genetic material
	1.2.1.1 Evidence that genes are made of DNA (or sometimes RNA)
	1.2.1.2 The chemical nature of Nucleotides
	1.2.2. DNA Structure
	1.2.2.1.The Double helix
	1.2.2.2. Genes made of RNA
	1.2.2.3. Variety of DNA structures
	1.2.3. Properties of DNA
	1.2.4. Classification of genes
	1.2.5. Activities of genes
	1.2.6. Mitochondrial DNA
	1.2.7. Genetic code
	1.2.7.1. Properties of the Genetic code
	DNA as genetic material chemistry of genetic neuclic acid
	1.3.1. Introduction
	1.3.2. Gene structure
	1.3.3. Genes in development
	1.3.4. Gene expression in prokaryotes
	1.3.4.1. Bacterial operons
	1.3.5. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	Organization of genome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
	1.4.1. Introduction
	1.4.2. Origins of a replication
	1.4.3. The replication fork
	1.4.4. Leading strand and Lagging strand
	1.4.5. Dynamics at the replication fork
	1.4.6. Termination of replication
	1.4.7. Types of replication
	1.4.7.1. Meselson-Stahl experiment
	DNA replication
	1.4.8. Transcription
	1.4.8.1.Initiation
	1.4.8.2. Elongation
	1.4.8.3. Termination
	1.4.9. Processing the mRNA Transcript
	1.4.10. Translation
	DNA translation
	DNA translation
	DNA replication
	1.1.1 Introduction
	1.1.2 Concepts and Terminologies
	1.1.2.1. Biotechnology
	1.1.2.2. Genetic engineering
	1.1.2.3. Molecular biology
	1.1.2.4. Genomics
	1.1.2.5. Functional genomics
	1.1.2.6. Metagenomics
	1.1.2.7. Proteomics
	1.1.2.8. Metabolomics
	1.1.3. Fields of Biotechnology
	1.1.3.1. Agricultural biotechnology
	1.1.3.2. Animal biotechnology
	1.1.3.3. Industrial Biotechnology
	1.1.3.4. Environmental Biotechnology
	1.1.3.5. Fisheries Biotechnology
	1.1.3.6. Other Applications
	1.1.4. Historical events related to biotechnology
	1.1.4.1. Other significant events
	Introduction to biotechnology
	1.2.1. DNA as genetic material
	1.2.1.1 Evidence that genes are made of DNA (or sometimes RNA)
	1.2.1.2 The chemical nature of Nucleotides
	1.2.2. DNA Structure
	1.2.2.1.The Double helix
	1.2.2.2. Genes made of RNA
	1.2.2.3. Variety of DNA structures
	1.2.3. Properties of DNA
	1.2.4. Classification of genes
	1.2.5. Activities of genes
	1.2.6. Mitochondrial DNA
	1.2.7. Genetic code
	1.2.7.1. Properties of the Genetic code
	DNA as genetic material chemistry of genetic neuclic acid
	1.3.1. Introduction
	1.3.2. Gene structure
	1.3.3. Genes in development
	1.3.4. Gene expression in prokaryotes
	1.3.4.1. Bacterial operons
	1.3.5. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	Organization of genome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
	1.4.1. Introduction
	1.4.2. Origins of a replication
	1.4.3. The replication fork
	1.4.4. Leading strand and Lagging strand
	1.4.5. Dynamics at the replication fork
	1.4.6. Termination of replication
	1.4.7. Types of replication
	1.4.7.1. Meselson-Stahl experiment
	DNA replication
	1.4.8. Transcription
	1.4.8.1.Initiation
	1.4.8.2. Elongation
	1.4.8.3. Termination
	1.4.9. Processing the mRNA Transcript
	1.4.10. Translation
	DNA translation
	DNA translation
	DNA replication
Topic 2	2.1.1. Introduction
	Gene cloning
	2.1.2. Enzymes commonly used in recombinant DNA technology
	Recombinant DNA
	2.1.2.2. DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
	2.1.3. Vectors
	2.1.3.1 Plasmids
	Plasmids
	2.1.3.2 Shuttle vectors and Bacteriophages
	2.1.3.3 Cosmids
	2.1.3.4 Yeast cloning vectors
	2.1.3.5 Shuttle vectors
	2.1.4. Cloning a Gene
	2.1.4.1. Cloning foreign DNA into the circular DNA of a plasmid
	2.1.4.2. Cloning in Eukaryotes
	2.1.5. Preparation of a DNA Library
	2.1.5.1 Colony hybridization
	2.1.5.2. Probes
	2.1.5.3. Screening
	2.1.6. cDNA cloning
	2.6.1.Construct ion and screening of a complete expression of cDNA library
	Recombinant DNA technology
	2.2.1 Introduction
	2.2.2. Advantages of fish as transgenics
	2.2.3. Selection of species Genes
	2.2.3.1. Growth hormone gene
	2.2.3.2. Antifreeze protein genes
	2.2.3.3. Disease resistance
	2.2.4. Reporter genes
	2.2.5. Methods of gene transfer
	2.2.5.1. Microinjection
	Microinjection in Zebrafish
	Microinjection in Tilapia egg
	2.2.5.2. Electroporation
	2.2.5.3. Other gene transfer techniques include
	2.2.6.4. PCR amplification
	2.2.6. Detection of transgenes
	2.2.6.1. Southern blot hybridization
	2.2.6.2. Northern blot
	2.2.6.3. Western blotting
	2.2.7. Glofish
	2.2.8. Food safety of transgenic (GM) fish
	2.2.9. Environmental impact of transgenic fish
	2.2.10. Conclusion
	Trans gene construct
	Transgenic fish production
	2.1.1. Introduction
	Gene cloning
	2.1.2. Enzymes commonly used in recombinant DNA technology
	Recombinant DNA
	2.1.2.2. DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
	2.1.3. Vectors
	2.1.3.1 Plasmids
	Plasmids
	2.1.3.2 Shuttle vectors and Bacteriophages
	2.1.3.3 Cosmids
	2.1.3.4 Yeast cloning vectors
	2.1.3.5 Shuttle vectors
	2.1.4. Cloning a Gene
	2.1.4.1. Cloning foreign DNA into the circular DNA of a plasmid
	2.1.4.2. Cloning in Eukaryotes
	2.1.5. Preparation of a DNA Library
	2.1.5.1 Colony hybridization
	2.1.5.2. Probes
	2.1.5.3. Screening
	2.1.6. cDNA cloning
	2.6.1.Construct ion and screening of a complete expression of cDNA library
	Recombinant DNA technology
	2.2.1 Introduction
	2.2.2. Advantages of fish as transgenics
	2.2.3. Selection of species Genes
	2.2.3.1. Growth hormone gene
	2.2.3.2. Antifreeze protein genes
	2.2.3.3. Disease resistance
	2.2.4. Reporter genes
	2.2.5. Methods of gene transfer
	2.2.5.1. Microinjection
	Microinjection in Zebrafish
	Microinjection in Tilapia egg
	2.2.5.2. Electroporation
	2.2.5.3. Other gene transfer techniques include
	2.2.6.4. PCR amplification
	2.2.6. Detection of transgenes
	2.2.6.1. Southern blot hybridization
	2.2.6.2. Northern blot
	2.2.6.3. Western blotting
	2.2.7. Glofish
	2.2.8. Food safety of transgenic (GM) fish
	2.2.9. Environmental impact of transgenic fish
	2.2.10. Conclusion
	Trans gene construct
	Transgenic fish production
	2.1.1. Introduction
	Gene cloning
	2.1.2. Enzymes commonly used in recombinant DNA technology
	Recombinant DNA
	2.1.2.2. DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
	2.1.3. Vectors
	2.1.3.1 Plasmids
	Plasmids
	2.1.3.2 Shuttle vectors and Bacteriophages
	2.1.3.3 Cosmids
	2.1.3.4 Yeast cloning vectors
	2.1.3.5 Shuttle vectors
	2.1.4. Cloning a Gene
	2.1.4.1. Cloning foreign DNA into the circular DNA of a plasmid
	2.1.4.2. Cloning in Eukaryotes
	2.1.5. Preparation of a DNA Library
	2.1.5.1 Colony hybridization
	2.1.5.2. Probes
	2.1.5.3. Screening
	2.1.6. cDNA cloning
	2.6.1.Construct ion and screening of a complete expression of cDNA library
	Recombinant DNA technology
	2.2.1 Introduction
	2.2.2. Advantages of fish as transgenics
	2.2.3. Selection of species Genes
	2.2.3.1. Growth hormone gene
	2.2.3.2. Antifreeze protein genes
	2.2.3.3. Disease resistance
	2.2.4. Reporter genes
	2.2.5. Methods of gene transfer
	2.2.5.1. Microinjection
	Microinjection in Zebrafish
	Microinjection in Tilapia egg
	2.2.5.2. Electroporation
	2.2.5.3. Other gene transfer techniques include
	2.2.6.4. PCR amplification
	2.2.6. Detection of transgenes
	2.2.6.1. Southern blot hybridization
	2.2.6.2. Northern blot
	2.2.6.3. Western blotting
	2.2.7. Glofish
	2.2.8. Food safety of transgenic (GM) fish
	2.2.9. Environmental impact of transgenic fish
	2.2.10. Conclusion
	Trans gene construct
	Transgenic fish production
	2.1.1. Introduction
	Gene cloning
	2.1.2. Enzymes commonly used in recombinant DNA technology
	Recombinant DNA
	2.1.2.2. DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
	2.1.3. Vectors
	2.1.3.1 Plasmids
	Plasmids
	2.1.3.2 Shuttle vectors and Bacteriophages
	2.1.3.3 Cosmids
	2.1.3.4 Yeast cloning vectors
	2.1.3.5 Shuttle vectors
	2.1.4. Cloning a Gene
	2.1.4.1. Cloning foreign DNA into the circular DNA of a plasmid
	2.1.4.2. Cloning in Eukaryotes
	2.1.5. Preparation of a DNA Library
	2.1.5.1 Colony hybridization
	2.1.5.2. Probes
	2.1.5.3. Screening
	2.1.6. cDNA cloning
	2.6.1.Construct ion and screening of a complete expression of cDNA library
	Recombinant DNA technology
	2.2.1 Introduction
	2.2.2. Advantages of fish as transgenics
	2.2.3. Selection of species Genes
	2.2.3.1. Growth hormone gene
	2.2.3.2. Antifreeze protein genes
	2.2.3.3. Disease resistance
	2.2.4. Reporter genes
	2.2.5. Methods of gene transfer
	2.2.5.1. Microinjection
	Microinjection in Zebrafish
	Microinjection in Tilapia egg
	2.2.5.2. Electroporation
	2.2.5.3. Other gene transfer techniques include
	2.2.6.4. PCR amplification
	2.2.6. Detection of transgenes
	2.2.6.1. Southern blot hybridization
	2.2.6.2. Northern blot
	2.2.6.3. Western blotting
	2.2.7. Glofish
	2.2.8. Food safety of transgenic (GM) fish
	2.2.9. Environmental impact of transgenic fish
	2.2.10. Conclusion
	Trans gene construct
	Transgenic fish production
Topic 3	3.1.1. Introduction
	3.1.2. Stages in cell culture
	3.1.2.1. Adherent cultures
	3.1.2.2. Suspension cultures
	3.1.3. Types of cell culture
	3.1.3.1. Primary cell culture
	3.1.3.2. Continuous cell cultures
	3.1.4. Commonly used media for fish cell culture
	3.1.5. Requirements of cell culture
	3.1.6. Preparation of fish for explants
	3.1.7. Flow chart for primary cell culture from fin fish
	3.1.8. Flow chart for primary cell culture from shrimp
	3.1.9. Cell cloning
	3.1.9.1. Flow chart for dilution cloning
	3.1.10. Storage
	3.1.10.1. Long-term storage
	3.1.11. Application of fish cell cultures
	3.1.11. 1. Isolation and identification of fish viruses
	3.1.11.2. Marine invertebrate tissue culture
	Cell culture and cell lines
	3.2.1. Introduction
	3.2.2. Production of monoclonal antibodies
	3.2.3. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Fish Farming
	3.2.4. Specificity and commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies for use in aquaculture
	Hybridoma technology
	3.1.1. Introduction
	3.1.2. Stages in cell culture
	3.1.2.1. Adherent cultures
	3.1.2.2. Suspension cultures
	3.1.3. Types of cell culture
	3.1.3.1. Primary cell culture
	3.1.3.2. Continuous cell cultures
	3.1.4. Commonly used media for fish cell culture
	3.1.5. Requirements of cell culture
	3.1.6. Preparation of fish for explants
	3.1.7. Flow chart for primary cell culture from fin fish
	3.1.8. Flow chart for primary cell culture from shrimp
	3.1.9. Cell cloning
	3.1.9.1. Flow chart for dilution cloning
	3.1.10. Storage
	3.1.10.1. Long-term storage
	3.1.11. Application of fish cell cultures
	3.1.11. 1. Isolation and identification of fish viruses
	3.1.11.2. Marine invertebrate tissue culture
	Cell culture and cell lines
	3.2.1. Introduction
	3.2.2. Production of monoclonal antibodies
	3.2.3. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Fish Farming
	3.2.4. Specificity and commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies for use in aquaculture
	Hybridoma technology
	3.1.1. Introduction
	3.1.2. Stages in cell culture
	3.1.2.1. Adherent cultures
	3.1.2.2. Suspension cultures
	3.1.3. Types of cell culture
	3.1.3.1. Primary cell culture
	3.1.3.2. Continuous cell cultures
	3.1.4. Commonly used media for fish cell culture
	3.1.5. Requirements of cell culture
	3.1.6. Preparation of fish for explants
	3.1.7. Flow chart for primary cell culture from fin fish
	3.1.8. Flow chart for primary cell culture from shrimp
	3.1.9. Cell cloning
	3.1.9.1. Flow chart for dilution cloning
	3.1.10. Storage
	3.1.10.1. Long-term storage
	3.1.11. Application of fish cell cultures
	3.1.11. 1. Isolation and identification of fish viruses
	3.1.11.2. Marine invertebrate tissue culture
	Cell culture and cell lines
	3.2.1. Introduction
	3.2.2. Production of monoclonal antibodies
	3.2.3. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Fish Farming
	3.2.4. Specificity and commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies for use in aquaculture
	Hybridoma technology
	3.1.1. Introduction
	3.1.2. Stages in cell culture
	3.1.2.1. Adherent cultures
	3.1.2.2. Suspension cultures
	3.1.3. Types of cell culture
	3.1.3.1. Primary cell culture
	3.1.3.2. Continuous cell cultures
	3.1.4. Commonly used media for fish cell culture
	3.1.5. Requirements of cell culture
	3.1.6. Preparation of fish for explants
	3.1.7. Flow chart for primary cell culture from fin fish
	3.1.8. Flow chart for primary cell culture from shrimp
	3.1.9. Cell cloning
	3.1.9.1. Flow chart for dilution cloning
	3.1.10. Storage
	3.1.10.1. Long-term storage
	3.1.11. Application of fish cell cultures
	3.1.11. 1. Isolation and identification of fish viruses
	3.1.11.2. Marine invertebrate tissue culture
	Cell culture and cell lines
	3.2.1. Introduction
	3.2.2. Production of monoclonal antibodies
	3.2.3. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Fish Farming
	3.2.4. Specificity and commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies for use in aquaculture
	Hybridoma technology
Topic 4	4.1.1. Introduction
	Polymerase Chain Reaction
	4.1.2. Steps involved in PCR
	4.1.3. Reaction components
	4.1.4. Different versions of PCR
	4.1.5. Applications of PCR
	4.1.6. Limitations of PCR
	4.2.1.Molecular techniques
	4.2.1.1. Electrophoresis
	4.2.1.2. DNA Fingerprinting
	4.2.2. Dot and slot blotting of DNA
	4.2.3 Gene chip or DNA microarray
	4.2.3.1. Principle of microarrays
	4.2.4. Types of microarray
	4.2.5. Uses
	4.2.6. Gene therapy
	4.2.7. Nucleus transplantation
	4.2.8. Cloning
	4.2.9. DNA – based diagnostics
	4.2.10. Advantages of molecular methods
	4.2.11. Disadvantages
	4.2.12. Immunological techniques
	4.2.12.2.Dot immunobinding assay
	4.2.12.3. Western blot ting
	4.2.12.4.Latex agglutination test
	Molecular and immunological techniques applied in fisheries
	4.3.1. Introduction
	4.3.2. Mode of preparation of fish vaccines
	4.3.3. Methods of vaccine inactivation
	4.3.4. Killed whole cell vaccines
	4.3.5. Live–attenuated vaccines
	4.3.6.Recombinant DNA-based vaccines
	4.3.7. Recombinant protein vaccines
	4.3.8. Peptide vaccines
	4.3.9. Gene tically modified live vaccines
	4.3.10. Gene tic vaccines or Nucleic acid vaccines
	4.3.10.1. DNA vaccines
	4.3.11. Advantages of DNA vaccines
	4.3.11.1. RNA vaccines
	4.3.12. Subunit vaccines
	4.3.13. Vaccine delivery system
	4.3.14. Environmental, ethical and regulatory aspects of fish immunization
	4.3.15. Conclusion
	Fish vaccine
	4.1.1. Introduction
	Polymerase Chain Reaction
	4.1.2. Steps involved in PCR
	4.1.3. Reaction components
	4.1.4. Different versions of PCR
	4.1.5. Applications of PCR
	4.1.6. Limitations of PCR
	4.2.1.Molecular techniques
	4.2.1.1. Electrophoresis
	4.2.1.2. DNA Fingerprinting
	4.2.2. Dot and slot blotting of DNA
	4.2.3 Gene chip or DNA microarray
	4.2.3.1. Principle of microarrays
	4.2.4. Types of microarray
	4.2.5. Uses
	4.2.6. Gene therapy
	4.2.7. Nucleus transplantation
	4.2.8. Cloning
	4.2.9. DNA – based diagnostics
	4.2.10. Advantages of molecular methods
	4.2.11. Disadvantages
	4.2.12. Immunological techniques
	4.2.12.2.Dot immunobinding assay
	4.2.12.3. Western blot ting
	4.2.12.4.Latex agglutination test
	Molecular and immunological techniques applied in fisheries
	4.3.1. Introduction
	4.3.2. Mode of preparation of fish vaccines
	4.3.3. Methods of vaccine inactivation
	4.3.4. Killed whole cell vaccines
	4.3.5. Live–attenuated vaccines
	4.3.6.Recombinant DNA-based vaccines
	4.3.7. Recombinant protein vaccines
	4.3.8. Peptide vaccines
	4.3.9. Gene tically modified live vaccines
	4.3.10. Gene tic vaccines or Nucleic acid vaccines
	4.3.10.1. DNA vaccines
	4.3.11. Advantages of DNA vaccines
	4.3.11.1. RNA vaccines
	4.3.12. Subunit vaccines
	4.3.13. Vaccine delivery system
	4.3.14. Environmental, ethical and regulatory aspects of fish immunization
	4.3.15. Conclusion
	Fish vaccine
	4.1.1. Introduction
	Polymerase Chain Reaction
	4.1.2. Steps involved in PCR
	4.1.3. Reaction components
	4.1.4. Different versions of PCR
	4.1.5. Applications of PCR
	4.1.6. Limitations of PCR
	4.2.1.Molecular techniques
	4.2.1.1. Electrophoresis
	4.2.1.2. DNA Fingerprinting
	4.2.2. Dot and slot blotting of DNA
	4.2.3 Gene chip or DNA microarray
	4.2.3.1. Principle of microarrays
	4.2.4. Types of microarray
	4.2.5. Uses
	4.2.6. Gene therapy
	4.2.7. Nucleus transplantation
	4.2.8. Cloning
	4.2.9. DNA – based diagnostics
	4.2.10. Advantages of molecular methods
	4.2.11. Disadvantages
	4.2.12. Immunological techniques
	4.2.12.2.Dot immunobinding assay
	4.2.12.3. Western blot ting
	4.2.12.4.Latex agglutination test
	Molecular and immunological techniques applied in fisheries
	4.3.1. Introduction
	4.3.2. Mode of preparation of fish vaccines
	4.3.3. Methods of vaccine inactivation
	4.3.4. Killed whole cell vaccines
	4.3.5. Live–attenuated vaccines
	4.3.6.Recombinant DNA-based vaccines
	4.3.7. Recombinant protein vaccines
	4.3.8. Peptide vaccines
	4.3.9. Gene tically modified live vaccines
	4.3.10. Gene tic vaccines or Nucleic acid vaccines
	4.3.10.1. DNA vaccines
	4.3.11. Advantages of DNA vaccines
	4.3.11.1. RNA vaccines
	4.3.12. Subunit vaccines
	4.3.13. Vaccine delivery system
	4.3.14. Environmental, ethical and regulatory aspects of fish immunization
	4.3.15. Conclusion
	Fish vaccine
	4.1.1. Introduction
	Polymerase Chain Reaction
	4.1.2. Steps involved in PCR
	4.1.3. Reaction components
	4.1.4. Different versions of PCR
	4.1.5. Applications of PCR
	4.1.6. Limitations of PCR
	4.2.1.Molecular techniques
	4.2.1.1. Electrophoresis
	4.2.1.2. DNA Fingerprinting
	4.2.2. Dot and slot blotting of DNA
	4.2.3 Gene chip or DNA microarray
	4.2.3.1. Principle of microarrays
	4.2.4. Types of microarray
	4.2.5. Uses
	4.2.6. Gene therapy
	4.2.7. Nucleus transplantation
	4.2.8. Cloning
	4.2.9. DNA – based diagnostics
	4.2.10. Advantages of molecular methods
	4.2.11. Disadvantages
	4.2.12. Immunological techniques
	4.2.12.2.Dot immunobinding assay
	4.2.12.3. Western blot ting
	4.2.12.4.Latex agglutination test
	Molecular and immunological techniques applied in fisheries
	4.3.1. Introduction
	4.3.2. Mode of preparation of fish vaccines
	4.3.3. Methods of vaccine inactivation
	4.3.4. Killed whole cell vaccines
	4.3.5. Live–attenuated vaccines
	4.3.6.Recombinant DNA-based vaccines
	4.3.7. Recombinant protein vaccines
	4.3.8. Peptide vaccines
	4.3.9. Gene tically modified live vaccines
	4.3.10. Gene tic vaccines or Nucleic acid vaccines
	4.3.10.1. DNA vaccines
	4.3.11. Advantages of DNA vaccines
	4.3.11.1. RNA vaccines
	4.3.12. Subunit vaccines
	4.3.13. Vaccine delivery system
	4.3.14. Environmental, ethical and regulatory aspects of fish immunization
	4.3.15. Conclusion
	Fish vaccine
Topic 5	5.1.1. Introduction
	5.1.2. Marine bacteria
	5.1.3. Marine fungi
	5.1.4. Marine microalgae
	5.1.5. Marine macroalgae
	5.1.6. Marine sponges
	5.1.7. Sea Anemones
	5.1.8. Ascidians
	5.1.9. Tunicates
	5.1.10. Sea Hares
	5.1.11. Marine Toxins
	Bioactive compounds from marine organisms
	5.1.1. Introduction
	5.1.2. Marine bacteria
	5.1.3. Marine fungi
	5.1.4. Marine microalgae
	5.1.5. Marine macroalgae
	5.1.6. Marine sponges
	5.1.7. Sea Anemones
	5.1.8. Ascidians
	5.1.9. Tunicates
	5.1.10. Sea Hares
	5.1.11. Marine Toxins
	Bioactive compounds from marine organisms
	5.1.1. Introduction
	5.1.2. Marine bacteria
	5.1.3. Marine fungi
	5.1.4. Marine microalgae
	5.1.5. Marine macroalgae
	5.1.6. Marine sponges
	5.1.7. Sea Anemones
	5.1.8. Ascidians
	5.1.9. Tunicates
	5.1.10. Sea Hares
	5.1.11. Marine Toxins
	Bioactive compounds from marine organisms
	5.1.1. Introduction
	5.1.2. Marine bacteria
	5.1.3. Marine fungi
	5.1.4. Marine microalgae
	5.1.5. Marine macroalgae
	5.1.6. Marine sponges
	5.1.7. Sea Anemones
	5.1.8. Ascidians
	5.1.9. Tunicates
	5.1.10. Sea Hares
	5.1.11. Marine Toxins
	Bioactive compounds from marine organisms
Topic 6	6.1.1 Characteristics of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.2.Effect of aquaculture wastewaters
	6.1.3. Treatment of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.3.2. Oxidation and synthesis
	6.1.3.3. Nitrogen removal
	6.1.3.4. Nitrification
	6.1.3.5.Denitrification
	6.1.3.5.1.Heterotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.5.2.Autotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.6. Phosphate removal
	6.1.4. Recent studies on treatment of aquaculture waste water
	6.1.5. Bioremediation in aquaculture systems
	6.1.5.1. Bioremediation of organic detritus
	6.1.5.2. Bioremediation of Nitrogenous compounds
	6.1.5.3. Bioremediation of Hydrogen Sulphide
	6.1.5.4 . Bioremediators as disease controlling agents
	6.1.5.5 Bioremediation of aquaculture effluent using microbial mat
	6.1.5.6. Wastewater related from seafood processing plant
	Wastewater treatment
	6.2.1.Introduction
	6.2.2. General water quality maintenance principles
	6.2.2.1. Aeration or oxygenating systems
	6.2.2.2. Particulate Filters
	6.2.2.3. Foam fractionators
	6.2.2.4. Ozone
	6.2.2.5. UV light
	6.2.2.6. Carbon dioxide strippers
	6.2.3. Characteristics of the "Ideal" biofilter
	6.2.4. Characteristics of real biofilters
	6.2.4.2. Aquatic plant systems
	6.2.4.3. Fluidized bed sand filters
	6.2.4.4. Bead filters
	6.2.4.5. Biodisks or RBC (Rotating Biological Contactors)
	6.2.4.6. Trickling filters
	Trickling Filter
	6.2.4.7. Submerged bed filters
	6.2.4.8. Submerged filters
	References
	Biofilters in aquaculture
	6.3.1.Introduction
	6.3.2. Potentials of Azolla
	6.3.2.1. Application of Azolla in aquatic system
	6.3.2.2. Cultivation of Azolla
	6.3.2.3. Applications in fish farming
	Biofertilizers
	6.4.1 Introduction
	6.4.2.The use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.2.1. Rationale for the use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.3. Probiotic preparation
	6.4.3.1 Bacillus spp.
	6.4.3.2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	6.4.4 Safety and evaluation of probiotics
	6.4.5. Prebiotics
	Probiotics
	6.5.1. Introduction
	6.5.2. Advantages (bioavailability, etc) and concept
	6.5.2.1. Prokaryotic biosensors
	6.5.2.2. Eukaryotic biosensors
	6.5.3. Components of a biosensor
	6.5.4. Applications
	6.5.4.1. Biosensors in food analysis
	8.5.8 Conclusion
	Biosensor
	9.1.1 Enzyme Engineering
	9.1.3 Whole – cell Bioreactors
	9.1.4 Transport and adhesion of cells
	9.1.5 Bioseparation
	Bioprocessing
	6.1.1 Characteristics of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.2.Effect of aquaculture wastewaters
	6.1.3. Treatment of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.3.2. Oxidation and synthesis
	6.1.3.3. Nitrogen removal
	6.1.3.4. Nitrification
	6.1.3.5.Denitrification
	6.1.3.5.1.Heterotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.5.2.Autotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.6. Phosphate removal
	6.1.4. Recent studies on treatment of aquaculture waste water
	6.1.5. Bioremediation in aquaculture systems
	6.1.5.1. Bioremediation of organic detritus
	6.1.5.2. Bioremediation of Nitrogenous compounds
	6.1.5.3. Bioremediation of Hydrogen Sulphide
	6.1.5.4 . Bioremediators as disease controlling agents
	6.1.5.5 Bioremediation of aquaculture effluent using microbial mat
	6.1.5.6. Wastewater related from seafood processing plant
	Wastewater treatment
	6.2.1.Introduction
	6.2.2. General water quality maintenance principles
	6.2.2.1. Aeration or oxygenating systems
	6.2.2.2. Particulate Filters
	6.2.2.3. Foam fractionators
	6.2.2.4. Ozone
	6.2.2.5. UV light
	6.2.2.6. Carbon dioxide strippers
	6.2.3. Characteristics of the "Ideal" biofilter
	6.2.4. Characteristics of real biofilters
	6.2.4.2. Aquatic plant systems
	6.2.4.3. Fluidized bed sand filters
	6.2.4.4. Bead filters
	6.2.4.5. Biodisks or RBC (Rotating Biological Contactors)
	6.2.4.6. Trickling filters
	Trickling Filter
	6.2.4.7. Submerged bed filters
	6.2.4.8. Submerged filters
	References
	Biofilters in aquaculture
	6.3.1.Introduction
	6.3.2. Potentials of Azolla
	6.3.2.1. Application of Azolla in aquatic system
	6.3.2.2. Cultivation of Azolla
	6.3.2.3. Applications in fish farming
	Biofertilizers
	6.4.1 Introduction
	6.4.2.The use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.2.1. Rationale for the use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.3. Probiotic preparation
	6.4.3.1 Bacillus spp.
	6.4.3.2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	6.4.4 Safety and evaluation of probiotics
	6.4.5. Prebiotics
	Probiotics
	6.5.1. Introduction
	6.5.2. Advantages (bioavailability, etc) and concept
	6.5.2.1. Prokaryotic biosensors
	6.5.2.2. Eukaryotic biosensors
	6.5.3. Components of a biosensor
	6.5.4. Applications
	6.5.4.1. Biosensors in food analysis
	8.5.8 Conclusion
	Biosensor
	9.1.1 Enzyme Engineering
	9.1.3 Whole – cell Bioreactors
	9.1.4 Transport and adhesion of cells
	9.1.5 Bioseparation
	Bioprocessing
	6.1.1 Characteristics of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.2.Effect of aquaculture wastewaters
	6.1.3. Treatment of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.3.2. Oxidation and synthesis
	6.1.3.3. Nitrogen removal
	6.1.3.4. Nitrification
	6.1.3.5.Denitrification
	6.1.3.5.1.Heterotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.5.2.Autotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.6. Phosphate removal
	6.1.4. Recent studies on treatment of aquaculture waste water
	6.1.5. Bioremediation in aquaculture systems
	6.1.5.1. Bioremediation of organic detritus
	6.1.5.2. Bioremediation of Nitrogenous compounds
	6.1.5.3. Bioremediation of Hydrogen Sulphide
	6.1.5.4 . Bioremediators as disease controlling agents
	6.1.5.5 Bioremediation of aquaculture effluent using microbial mat
	6.1.5.6. Wastewater related from seafood processing plant
	Wastewater treatment
	6.2.1.Introduction
	6.2.2. General water quality maintenance principles
	6.2.2.1. Aeration or oxygenating systems
	6.2.2.2. Particulate Filters
	6.2.2.3. Foam fractionators
	6.2.2.4. Ozone
	6.2.2.5. UV light
	6.2.2.6. Carbon dioxide strippers
	6.2.3. Characteristics of the "Ideal" biofilter
	6.2.4. Characteristics of real biofilters
	6.2.4.2. Aquatic plant systems
	6.2.4.3. Fluidized bed sand filters
	6.2.4.4. Bead filters
	6.2.4.5. Biodisks or RBC (Rotating Biological Contactors)
	6.2.4.6. Trickling filters
	Trickling Filter
	6.2.4.7. Submerged bed filters
	6.2.4.8. Submerged filters
	References
	Biofilters in aquaculture
	6.3.1.Introduction
	6.3.2. Potentials of Azolla
	6.3.2.1. Application of Azolla in aquatic system
	6.3.2.2. Cultivation of Azolla
	6.3.2.3. Applications in fish farming
	Biofertilizers
	6.4.1 Introduction
	6.4.2.The use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.2.1. Rationale for the use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.3. Probiotic preparation
	6.4.3.1 Bacillus spp.
	6.4.3.2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	6.4.4 Safety and evaluation of probiotics
	6.4.5. Prebiotics
	Probiotics
	6.5.1. Introduction
	6.5.2. Advantages (bioavailability, etc) and concept
	6.5.2.1. Prokaryotic biosensors
	6.5.2.2. Eukaryotic biosensors
	6.5.3. Components of a biosensor
	6.5.4. Applications
	6.5.4.1. Biosensors in food analysis
	8.5.8 Conclusion
	Biosensor
	9.1.1 Enzyme Engineering
	9.1.3 Whole – cell Bioreactors
	9.1.4 Transport and adhesion of cells
	9.1.5 Bioseparation
	Bioprocessing
	6.1.1 Characteristics of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.2.Effect of aquaculture wastewaters
	6.1.3. Treatment of aquaculture wastewater
	6.1.3.2. Oxidation and synthesis
	6.1.3.3. Nitrogen removal
	6.1.3.4. Nitrification
	6.1.3.5.Denitrification
	6.1.3.5.1.Heterotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.5.2.Autotrophic denitrification
	6.1.3.6. Phosphate removal
	6.1.4. Recent studies on treatment of aquaculture waste water
	6.1.5. Bioremediation in aquaculture systems
	6.1.5.1. Bioremediation of organic detritus
	6.1.5.2. Bioremediation of Nitrogenous compounds
	6.1.5.3. Bioremediation of Hydrogen Sulphide
	6.1.5.4 . Bioremediators as disease controlling agents
	6.1.5.5 Bioremediation of aquaculture effluent using microbial mat
	6.1.5.6. Wastewater related from seafood processing plant
	Wastewater treatment
	6.2.1.Introduction
	6.2.2. General water quality maintenance principles
	6.2.2.1. Aeration or oxygenating systems
	6.2.2.2. Particulate Filters
	6.2.2.3. Foam fractionators
	6.2.2.4. Ozone
	6.2.2.5. UV light
	6.2.2.6. Carbon dioxide strippers
	6.2.3. Characteristics of the "Ideal" biofilter
	6.2.4. Characteristics of real biofilters
	6.2.4.2. Aquatic plant systems
	6.2.4.3. Fluidized bed sand filters
	6.2.4.4. Bead filters
	6.2.4.5. Biodisks or RBC (Rotating Biological Contactors)
	6.2.4.6. Trickling filters
	Trickling Filter
	6.2.4.7. Submerged bed filters
	6.2.4.8. Submerged filters
	References
	Biofilters in aquaculture
	6.3.1.Introduction
	6.3.2. Potentials of Azolla
	6.3.2.1. Application of Azolla in aquatic system
	6.3.2.2. Cultivation of Azolla
	6.3.2.3. Applications in fish farming
	Biofertilizers
	6.4.1 Introduction
	6.4.2.The use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.2.1. Rationale for the use of probiotics in aquaculture
	6.4.3. Probiotic preparation
	6.4.3.1 Bacillus spp.
	6.4.3.2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	6.4.4 Safety and evaluation of probiotics
	6.4.5. Prebiotics
	Probiotics
	6.5.1. Introduction
	6.5.2. Advantages (bioavailability, etc) and concept
	6.5.2.1. Prokaryotic biosensors
	6.5.2.2. Eukaryotic biosensors
	6.5.3. Components of a biosensor
	6.5.4. Applications
	6.5.4.1. Biosensors in food analysis
	8.5.8 Conclusion
	Biosensor
	9.1.1 Enzyme Engineering
	9.1.3 Whole – cell Bioreactors
	9.1.4 Transport and adhesion of cells
	9.1.5 Bioseparation
	Bioprocessing
Topic 7	10.1.1 Bioinformatics
	10.1.2 NCBI
	10.1.3 GenBank sequence database
	10.1.4 Databases
	10.1.5 Other nucleotide databases
	10.1.6 Tools for Sequence Analysis
	10.1.7 Primary sequence databases for protein
	10.1.8 Other database
	Bioinformatics
	10.1.1 Bioinformatics
	10.1.2 NCBI
	10.1.3 GenBank sequence database
	10.1.4 Databases
	10.1.5 Other nucleotide databases
	10.1.6 Tools for Sequence Analysis
	10.1.7 Primary sequence databases for protein
	10.1.8 Other database
	Bioinformatics
	10.1.1 Bioinformatics
	10.1.2 NCBI
	10.1.3 GenBank sequence database
	10.1.4 Databases
	10.1.5 Other nucleotide databases
	10.1.6 Tools for Sequence Analysis
	10.1.7 Primary sequence databases for protein
	10.1.8 Other database
	Bioinformatics
Topic 11	Isolation of genomic DNA from fish tissues
	Procedure
	Caution
	DNA storage
	Note
	Isolation of genomic DNA from fish tissues
	Procedure
	Caution
	DNA storage
	Note
	Isolation of genomic DNA from fish tissues
	Procedure
	Caution
	DNA storage
	Note
Topic 12	Extraction of DNA from fish blood (RBC)
	Procedure
	Extraction of DNA from fish blood (RBC)
	Procedure
Topic 13	Solutions required
	Methods
	Electrophoresis of a DNA sample of unknown concentration with a known standard
	Spectrophometric determination of DNA concentration
	Trouble Shooting
	Solutions required
	Methods
	Electrophoresis of a DNA sample of unknown concentration with a known standard
	Spectrophometric determination of DNA concentration
	Trouble Shooting
Topic 14	SDS – Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis
	SDS – Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis
	Stock solutions
	Procedure
	Molecular weight determination
	Trouble shooting
Topic 15	Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
	Procedure
Topic 16	The Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR)
	PCR principles and procedure
Topic 17	Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
	Microwell assays
	Advantages
Topic 18	Decomposition of organic waste by vermiculture technology
	Method of preparation of Vermicompost Large/community Scale Vermicomposting
	Multiplication of worms in large scale
	Advantages of vermicomposting
	Precautions
	List of Hazardous chemicals
Topic 19	Introduction
	Principle
	Materials
	Procedure
	Transferring proteins from the gel to nitrocellulose membrane
	Immunological detection of protein
Topic 20	Digestion of DNA with Restriction Enzymes
	Digesting DNA sample with a single RE
	Materials
	Method
	Resolution of restriction fragments on agarose gel
Topic 21	Southern blotting
	Materials
	Method
Topic 22	Random primer labeling of DNA
	Materials
	Method
	Removal of unincorporated nucleotides by spin-column chromatography
Topic 23	Hybridization analysis of DNA blots
	Materials
	Method
Topic 24	Immunofluorescence
	Types of immunofluorescence
	Indirect immunofluorescence
	Deparaffinization/Rehydration
	Antigen Unmasking
	Immunostaining
	Direct immunofluorescence
Topic 25	Immunohistochemistry
	Materials required
	Methodology
	Antigen Unmasking
	Staining
Topic 26	Immunodot
	Materials required
	Protocol
Topic 27	1. Reverse complement and other tools
	2. Translating DNA to six reading frames
	3. Oligo Calculator
Topic 28	A. Data retrieval from GenBank
	B. Sequence search using BLAST
	BLAST Search Parameters
Topic 29	MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT
	GENERATING A PHYLOGENTIC TREE
	List of Hazardous chemicals
Topic 30	References